…not replace one another: the aspirate shows cellular morphology and provides material for flow cytometry and genetics, while the biopsy shows marrow architecture and cellularity…

…suspected. Do not wait for a complete diagnosis or for grading. Antihistamines, corticosteroids, inhaled bronchodilators and nebulised adrenaline never replace intramuscular adrenaline [1,2]. Delayed…

…stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or medical management. The standard post ACS regimen is DAPT for 12…

…outcome. Transfusion restores circulating volume, oxygen transport and haemostatic capacity, but it cannot compensate for an uncontrolled source of bleeding. Minimise the time to surgery…

…and does not replace pacing when the patient is markedly unstable. Transcutaneous pacing Equipment A defibrillator with a pacing function and self adhesive multifunction pads…

…both acute and ambulatory presentations, but the appropriate thresholds differ substantially according to the clinical setting. Values obtained in the emergency department for acute dyspnoea…

…and 3D measurements will presumably replace 2D measurements in the future. Cardiac MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is considered the gold standard for the calculation of…

…its temporal and axial resolution is very high, as compared with 2D echocardiography. M mode is useful for quantifying the mobility of structures and measuring…

…ARVC is between 0.02 and 0.05% in Europe (Corrado et al). ARVC is more malignant in men, the reason for which remains elusive…

…commonly mitral stenosis). Simultaneous tricuspid regurgitation is also common. Echocardiography Echocardiography has replaced catheterization for the assessment of tricuspid stenosis. Yet, there is no consensus…

…et al 1 ). Representative single beat morphs for a low risk patient (blue) and the corresponding high risk morph (red). Beyond the difference in R…

…dimensional (2D) echocardiography and Doppler studies are sufficient to study velocities, volumes, and pressure conditions in the heart. These techniques allow for the calculation of…

…Refer to Figure 1 for an example. The premature ventricular impulse replaces a sinus beat and induces a delay to the next sinus beat (the…

…a high mortality [1,2]. Give antibiotics immediately and aim for administration within one hour in septic shock, or when sepsis is judged certain or…

…Clinical context and treatment objectives DAPT is used in two principal settings: After ACS , whether managed medically or with revascularization. After elective PCI for CCS…

…battery is depleted, the entire system must be replaced. Pacemaker leads and electrodes Pacemaker leads contain conductors wrapped in insulation (Figure 2). Most pacemakers utilize…

…catheter ablation and sophisticated device therapy [1] [2] . This exhaustive review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the current state of VT management for the practicing…