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Opioids in acute pain: quick reference for dosing and conversion

…is not already on an opioid patch, a modified release tablet and an as required opioid at the same time. Opioids in abdominal pain of…

Hyperkalaemia: quick reference for emergency treatment

…depending on the clinical picture Moderate 6.0 to 6.4 mmol/L ECG and cardiac monitoring. Emergency treatment is often warranted, particularly in an…

Cardiac troponin I (TnI) and T (TnT): Interpretation and evaluation in acute coronary syndromes

…Cardiac troponin levels are extremely low in healthy subjects; the 99 th percentile is less than a few nanograms per liter of blood (typically <5…

Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

…minutes of compression. Anticoagulant treatment is not in itself a bar to vaccination. Relative: Lymphoedema or previous axillary clearance on the same side. A paretic…

Principles of myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT, PET), coronary blood flow and flow reserve (CFR)

…perfusion imaging is based on the principle that myocardial blood flow demonstrates marked differences between rest and stress conditions, particularly in significant coronary artery stenosis…

Unstable Angina: Definition and Contemporary Management

…infarction (AMI), in which myocardial ischaemia is accompanied by cardiomyocyte necrosis and cardiac troponin release meeting the criteria of the universal definition of MI. Clinically…

Gastric lavage and activated charcoal

…Modified release preparations, anticholinergics, opioids and salicylate — where gastric emptying is delayed — may justify charcoal later, in some cases up to 6 hours or more…

Opioid therapy in severe pain

…a fixed dose is given without assessment, when a modified release preparation is started in an opioid naive patient, or when a conversion between drugs…

Poisoning: quick reference for antidotes and initial management

…the prescription list and the findings of the ambulance crew The stated dose is often unreliable and must never be used on its own to…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…above the 99th percentile. The clinical presentation should not be interpreted in isolation. The initial diagnosis and triage depend on integration of symptoms, vital signs…

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