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Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…to both arms or shoulders has a particularly strong association with myocardial infarction in the cited clinical data, although right arm radiation has not sho

Opioid therapy in severe pain

…pain and pain in the palliative phase. Severe breathlessness in the palliative phase (at lower doses than for pain). An opioid is rarely the right…

Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

…preparations and irritant drugs: pull the skin and subcutaneous tissue 2–3 cm to one side, inject, wait 10 seconds, withdraw the needle and release…

Interpreting NT-proBNP and BNP in Clinical Decision-Making

…They are released principally by ventricular cardiomyocytes in response to increased transmural stress and ventricular stretch. Atrial natriuretic peptide is produced predominantly by atrial tissue…

Unstable Angina: Definition and Contemporary Management

…infarction (AMI), in which myocardial ischaemia is accompanied by cardiomyocyte necrosis and cardiac troponin release meeting the criteria of the universal definition of MI. Clinically…

Gastric lavage and activated charcoal

…including carbamazepine, theophylline and quinine. Repeated dosing may also be appropriate after large ingestions of modified release preparations. Contraindications Measure Contraindication : : Medicinal charcoal A reduced…

Hyperkalaemia: quick reference for emergency treatment

…1. Perform an ABCDE assessment, attach cardiac monitoring, secure intravenous access and record an ECG. 2. Confirm the potassium with a repeat sample, but do…

Poisoning: quick reference for antidotes and initial management

…with modified release preparations, mixed poisoning, pregnancy, children, a need for an antidote or dialysis, and whenever the clinical course deviates from what was expected…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…in symptoms or clinical signs, with or without diagnostic electrocardiographic abnormalities and with or without an acute rise in cardiac troponin. The spectrum ranges from…

In-Stent Restenosis: Mechanisms and Treatment

…through intimal thickening. DES release antiproliferative and anti inflammatory agents from the stent surface and have substantially reduced this process compared with BMS. Neoatherosclerosis Neoatherosclerosis…

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