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Opioid therapy in severe pain

…phase. Severe breathlessness in the palliative phase (at lower doses than for pain). An opioid is rarely the right choice in nociplastic or neuropathic pain…

Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

…the inverted triangle formed between the acromion and the lower tip of the muscle insertion. 3. Stretch the skin with the thumb and index finger…

Interpreting NT-proBNP and BNP in Clinical Decision-Making

…markers of myocardial wall stress. They are released principally by ventricular cardiomyocytes in response to increased transmural stress and ventricular stretch. Atrial natriuretic peptide is…

Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…is myocardial ischaemia caused by an acute coronary process. Myocardial injury leads to release of cardiac troponin, but troponin elevation is not specific for myocardial…

Unstable Angina: Definition and Contemporary Management

…infarction (AMI), in which myocardial ischaemia is accompanied by cardiomyocyte necrosis and cardiac troponin release meeting the criteria of the universal definition of MI. Clinically…

Gastric lavage and activated charcoal

…preparations: in practice within about 1 hour. Tablets and solid preparations: up to about 2 hours. Modified release preparations, anticholinergics, opioids and salicylate — where gastric…

Hyperkalaemia: quick reference for emergency treatment

…start cardiac monitoring at a plasma potassium above 6.0 mmol/L, and at lower values if the rise is rapid, the patient has symptoms…

Poisoning: quick reference for antidotes and initial management

…skin, smell, injection marks, medication patches and trauma. Remove contaminated clothing and wash the skin after external exposure A low Glasgow Coma Scale is not…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…a lower threshold for symptom provocation; or angina occurring after a recent MI. Myocardial injury is separate from MI. It refers to cardiac troponin release…

In-Stent Restenosis: Mechanisms and Treatment

…scaffold prevents the external constriction that characterizes restenosis after balloon angioplasty. The biological response therefore occurs primarily through intimal thickening. DES release antiproliferative and anti…

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