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Opioid therapy in severe pain

…phase. Severe breathlessness in the palliative phase (at lower doses than for pain). An opioid is rarely the right choice in nociplastic or neuropathic pain…

Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

…and subcutaneous tissue 2–3 cm to one side, inject, wait 10 seconds, withdraw the needle and release the skin. The displaced track prevents the

Interpreting NT-proBNP and BNP in Clinical Decision-Making

…markers of myocardial wall stress. They are released principally by ventricular cardiomyocytes in response to increased transmural stress and ventricular stretch. Atrial natriuretic peptide is…

Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…is myocardial ischaemia caused by an acute coronary process. Myocardial injury leads to release of cardiac troponin, but troponin elevation is not specific for myocardial…

Unstable Angina: Definition and Contemporary Management

…infarction (AMI), in which myocardial ischaemia is accompanied by cardiomyocyte necrosis and cardiac troponin release meeting the criteria of the universal definition of MI. Clinically…

Gastric lavage and activated charcoal

…preparations: in practice within about 1 hour. Tablets and solid preparations: up to about 2 hours. Modified release preparations, anticholinergics, opioids and salicylate — where gastric…

Hyperkalaemia: quick reference for emergency treatment

…start cardiac monitoring at a plasma potassium above 6.0 mmol/L, and at lower values if the rise is rapid, the patient has symptoms…

Poisoning: quick reference for antidotes and initial management

…around the clock for health care professionals. Contact the centre early in serious, unusual or unclear poisoning, with modified release preparations, mixed poisoning, pregnancy, children…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…a lower threshold for symptom provocation; or angina occurring after a recent MI. Myocardial injury is separate from MI. It refers to cardiac troponin release…

In-Stent Restenosis: Mechanisms and Treatment

…disease arising after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In contemporary practice, ISR remains the most frequent cause of PCI failure, despite its substantially lower incidence with…

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