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Opioid therapy in severe pain

…effect varies tenfold between individuals, and the only way to find the right level is to give a small dose, wait until it has worked…

Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…burning, or discomfort in the chest and may extend to the arms, shoulders, neck, jaw, upper back, abdomen, or epigastrium. Dyspnoea, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, fatigue…

Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

…or an arm circumference above 35 cm, a 38 mm needle is required to reach the deltoid muscle. With a 25 mm needle the dose…

Interpreting NT-proBNP and BNP in Clinical Decision-Making

…markers of myocardial wall stress. They are released principally by ventricular cardiomyocytes in response to increased transmural stress and ventricular stretch. Atrial natriuretic peptide is…

Unstable Angina: Definition and Contemporary Management

…infarction (AMI), in which myocardial ischaemia is accompanied by cardiomyocyte necrosis and cardiac troponin release meeting the criteria of the universal definition of MI. Clinically…

Gastric lavage and activated charcoal

…preparations: in practice within about 1 hour. Tablets and solid preparations: up to about 2 hours. Modified release preparations, anticholinergics, opioids and salicylate — where gastric…

Hyperkalaemia: quick reference for emergency treatment

…a dialysis patient, in severe acute kidney injury, in treatment failure or in ongoing massive potassium release. In cardiac arrest with suspected hyperkalaemia, advanced life…

Poisoning: quick reference for antidotes and initial management

…around the clock for health care professionals. Contact the centre early in serious, unusual or unclear poisoning, with modified release preparations, mixed poisoning, pregnancy, children…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…injury is separate from MI. It refers to cardiac troponin release that does not fulfil the criteria for ischaemic myocardial infarction. It may be acute…

In-Stent Restenosis: Mechanisms and Treatment

…recurrent narrowing within a previously implanted coronary stent. It represents a form of arterial hyperplastic disease arising after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In contemporary practice…

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