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Hyperkalaemia: quick reference for emergency treatment

…a dialysis patient, in severe acute kidney injury, in treatment failure or in ongoing massive potassium release. In cardiac arrest with suspected hyperkalaemia, advanced life…

In-Stent Restenosis: Mechanisms and Treatment

…its substantially lower incidence with drug eluting stents (DES) than with bare metal stents (BMS). Clinical ISR is generally defined by recurrent symptoms or ischaemic…

Opioid therapy in severe pain

…when a modified release preparation is started in an opioid naive patient, or when a conversion between drugs is made without reduction for incomplete cross…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…a lower threshold for symptom provocation; or angina occurring after a recent MI. Myocardial injury is separate from MI. It refers to cardiac troponin release…

Interpreting NT-proBNP and BNP in Clinical Decision-Making

…with lower than expected BNP and NT proBNP concentrations despite comparable or greater ventricular wall stress, probably because of suppression of natriuretic peptide production or…

Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

…the acromion and the lower tip of the muscle insertion. 3. Stretch the skin with the thumb and index finger, or compress the muscle in…

High-Sensitivity Troponin: 0/1-Hour Rule-In and Rule-Out Algorithms

…and Pathophysiological Basis High sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs cTn) assays detect circulating troponin released from injured cardiomyocytes at substantially lower concentrations than earlier generation assays…

Unstable Angina: Definition and Contemporary Management

…necrosis and cardiac troponin release meeting the criteria of the universal definition of MI. Clinically, UA is defined by one or more of the following…

Gastric lavage and activated charcoal

…Modified release preparations, anticholinergics, opioids and salicylate — where gastric emptying is delayed — may justify charcoal later, in some cases up to 6 hours or more…

Poisoning: quick reference for antidotes and initial management

…estimated quantity the time, and whether the intake was single or repeated a modified release preparation or a combination product concurrent drugs, alcohol and illicit…

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