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Skin biopsy — punch, shave and excision

…jawline, the ears. Anatomically hazardous areas: the branches of the facial nerve at the temple, the accessory nerve in the posterior triangle of the neck…

Unstable Angina: Definition and Contemporary Management

…infarction (AMI), in which myocardial ischaemia is accompanied by cardiomyocyte necrosis and cardiac troponin release meeting the criteria of the universal definition of MI. Clinically…

Gastric lavage and activated charcoal

…preparations: in practice within about 1 hour. Tablets and solid preparations: up to about 2 hours. Modified release preparations, anticholinergics, opioids and salicylate — where gastric…

Hyperkalaemia: quick reference for emergency treatment

…a dialysis patient, in severe acute kidney injury, in treatment failure or in ongoing massive potassium release. In cardiac arrest with suspected hyperkalaemia, advanced life…

Opioid therapy in severe pain

…a fixed dose is given without assessment, when a modified release preparation is started in an opioid naive patient, or when a conversion between drugs…

Poisoning: quick reference for antidotes and initial management

…around the clock for health care professionals. Contact the centre early in serious, unusual or unclear poisoning, with modified release preparations, mixed poisoning, pregnancy, children…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…injury is separate from MI. It refers to cardiac troponin release that does not fulfil the criteria for ischaemic myocardial infarction. It may be acute…

Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…is myocardial ischaemia caused by an acute coronary process. Myocardial injury leads to release of cardiac troponin, but troponin elevation is not specific for myocardial…

In-Stent Restenosis: Mechanisms and Treatment

…scaffold prevents the external constriction that characterizes restenosis after balloon angioplasty. The biological response therefore occurs primarily through intimal thickening. DES release antiproliferative and anti…

Interpreting NT-proBNP and BNP in Clinical Decision-Making

…markers of myocardial wall stress. They are released principally by ventricular cardiomyocytes in response to increased transmural stress and ventricular stretch. Atrial natriuretic peptide is…

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