…skin, smell, injection marks, medication patches and trauma. Remove contaminated clothing and wash the skin after external exposure A low Glasgow Coma Scale is not…

…iliac crest. Inject into the triangle between the index and middle fingers . The Z track technique for depot preparations and irritant drugs: pull the skin…

…select a safe disposition and diagnostic strategy. Only a minority of patients presenting with acute chest pain ultimately have ACS; reported rates are generally 5…

…electrocardiographic abnormalities and with or without an acute rise in cardiac troponin. The spectrum ranges from symptom free presentation to persistent chest discomfort, cardiac arrest…

…infarction (AMI), in which myocardial ischaemia is accompanied by cardiomyocyte necrosis and cardiac troponin release meeting the criteria of the universal definition of MI. Clinically…

…which results in thrombus formation (Figure 1). Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque may also release atherosclerotic debris downstream, causing microvascular embolization (i.e occluding smaller…

…this pattern. Endothelial dysfunction may contribute to both microvascular and epicardial vasomotor disorders. Endothelial activation can promote the release of adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokines, and…

…and Pathophysiological Basis High sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs cTn) assays detect circulating troponin released from injured cardiomyocytes at substantially lower concentrations than earlier generation assays…

…preparations: in practice within about 1 hour. Tablets and solid preparations: up to about 2 hours. Modified release preparations, anticholinergics, opioids and salicylate — where gastric…

…a dialysis patient, in severe acute kidney injury, in treatment failure or in ongoing massive potassium release. In cardiac arrest with suspected hyperkalaemia, advanced life…