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Gastric lavage and activated charcoal

…reduced by around half. Liquid preparations: in practice within about 1 hour. Tablets and solid preparations: up to about 2 hours. Modified release preparations, anticholinergics…

Poisoning: quick reference for antidotes and initial management

…around the clock for health care professionals. Contact the centre early in serious, unusual or unclear poisoning, with modified release preparations, mixed poisoning, pregnancy, children…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…injury is separate from MI. It refers to cardiac troponin release that does not fulfil the criteria for ischaemic myocardial infarction. It may be acute…

Opioid therapy in severe pain

…on the bowel must be taken into account). Known allergy to the preparation — rare; itching and urticaria are usually due to histamine release, not allergy…

Diagnostic Criteria for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Cardiac troponins, ECG & Symptoms

…cellular proteins are released into the circulation. It is possible to detect elevated levels of myocardial proteins in blood within 2 to 3 hours after…

Opioids in acute pain: quick reference for dosing and conversion

…titrated to spontaneous breathing, not to wakefulness. It has a short half life, and the patient must be monitored afterwards. Starting a modified release preparation…

Hyperkalaemia: quick reference for emergency treatment

…a dialysis patient, in severe acute kidney injury, in treatment failure or in ongoing massive potassium release. In cardiac arrest with suspected hyperkalaemia, advanced life…

Cardiac troponin I (TnI) and T (TnT): Interpretation and evaluation in acute coronary syndromes

…tend to increase to higher levels than cTnT during acute myocardial infarction. cTnI and cTnT have different molecular structures, which may affect their release into…

Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

…irritant drugs: pull the skin and subcutaneous tissue 2–3 cm to one side, inject, wait 10 seconds, withdraw the needle and release the skin…

Myocardial Injury Versus Infarction: Interpreting Troponin Elevation

…classification distinguishes infarction according to its mechanism: Type 1 myocardial infarction: acute atherosclerotic plaque disruption or erosion with coronary thrombosis. Type 2 myocardial infarction: acute…

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