…aortic and mitral valve must also be evaluated, particularly in the setting of rheumatic valvular disease. The regurgitation is considered severe if the tricuspid annulus…

…imperfecta typically causes prolapse of P2 (Figure 1). Myocardial ischemia affecting the papillary muscles or the connected myocardium may cause mitral prolapse, and thus regurgitation…

…the chamber and this leads to dilatation. The most common cause is valvular regurgitation (insufficiency). For example, aortic regurgitation causes the flow of blood from…

…leads. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) The most common causes of left ventricular hypertrophy are aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, hypertension, cardiomyopathy and coarctation of the aorta…

…Assessment should integrate the history, physical examination, laboratory data and diagnostic testing. Examination for congestion Useful bedside indicators of persistent or improving congestion include: J

…approximately 1–2% without reperfusion to about 0.2% in the reperfusion era. Clinical presentation and symptoms A new episode of hypotension, recurrent chest pain…

…Aortic regurgitation may cause myocardial ischemia because cardiac output diminishes in parallel with increasing myocardial load (and hence oxygen demand). The most common causes of…

…and pressure half time (PHT) are also estimated using continuous Doppler. A dense regurgitant jet with rapid deceleration (short PHT) is suggestive of severe regurgitation…

…because of the risk of rupture. Type A IMH may cause: Aortic regurgitation Haemopericardium or pericardial effusion Aortic rupture Proximal aortic complications Malperfusion and pulse…

…contraction and relaxation. Structural and vascular consequences Common structural consequences include left ventricular hypertrophy, left atrial enlargement, and abnormalities of diastolic filling. Mitral regurgitation may…

…rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause cardiac tamponade, severe acute aortic regurgitation, coronary malperfusion, myocardial ischaemia, heart failure, shock and…

…Bernoulli principle can be used to calculate pressure gradients across valvular stenoses and regurgitations. The equation is agnostic to the direction of the blood flow…

…evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of…

…haemodynamically unstable patients, evaluation must also consider acute severe mitral regurgitation, mechanical complications, and ischaemia related ventricular failure as potential causes of shock. Patients with…

…evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of…

…1. ECG changes seen in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH). The electrical vector of the left ventricle is enhanced in LVH…

…for the assessment of valvular regurgitation. Part 1: aortic and pulmonary regurgitation (native valve disease). In European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working…

…evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of…

…evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of…

…80% of cases. Other causes include acute mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect (VSD) and papillary muscle rupture with acute severe mitral regurgitation—predominant right…

…regurgitation, hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) it becomes enlarged (hypertrophy) which enhances its contribution to the P wave. The second hump in lead II becomes larger and…

…arch) All individuals 60 mm (descending aorta) All individuals Risk factors : previous dissection, family history of dissection, severe aortic regurgitation or mitral regurgitation, planning pregnancy…

…tricuspid regurgitation, cardiogenic shock, right ventricular free wall rupture and cardiac tamponade. The most common of these are hypotension, low cardiac output and sensitivity to…

…impairs coaptation of the leaflets and thus causes mitral regurgitation. The term coaptation is used to describe how well the leaflets meet and close the…

…shows a fast and distinct flow (almost 5 m/s) directed away from the transducer during systole (systole starts at the peak of the R…

…Figure 2. Color Doppler reveals the direction and extent of aortic valve regurgitation. Because color Doppler is a type of pulsed wave Doppler, it is…

…= Area RVOT • VTI RVOT Continuity equation and valvular regurgitation The continuity equation implies that the amount of blood flowing into the left ventricle (across…

…to calculate the diameter of the orifice. This has fundamental clinical implications as it enables the investigator to calculate the area of stenoses and regurgitations…

…evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of…

…there is no consensus regarding grading of tricuspid stenosis severity. Tricuspid stenosis is visually characterized by thickened leaflets, with reduced motion and potentially fused commisures…

…catheterization. This section discusses hemodynamic principles and how these can be leveraged to calculate stroke volume, cardiac output, pressure conditions, severity of stenoses and regurgitations…