…The increasing prevalence of refractory angina reflects population ageing and improved survival among patients with CAD following advances in anti ischaemic treatment and coronary revascularization…

…material specifically frames many pharmacological recommendations for patients with symptomatic NYHA class II–IV HFrEF. Advanced or refractory heart failure should be considered when there…

…peritonitis or pancreatic ascites. Therapeutic paracentesis: Tense ascites with abdominal discomfort, early satiety or respiratory compromise. Diuretic refractory or diuretic intolerant ascites, as recurrent treatment…

…step 1 and step 2 Refractory status: contact anaesthesia, intensive care and neurology; intubate as needed and start anaesthetic treatment with EEG After clinical cessation…

…and afferent neural pathways in causing chronic refractory cough, akin to chronic neuropathic pain. This syndrome presents with a dry or minimally productive cough and…

…10% of cases. Intermediate high risk PE occurs in haemodynamically stable patients with both RV dysfunction on imaging and elevated cardiac biomarkers. Intermediate low risk…

…antihypertensives, should prompt clinical suspicion [1]. Cardiac Signs and Symptoms Patients often present with symptoms of predominant right heart failure, including lower extremity edema, ascites…

…will be blocked at that point. The length of the refractory period (see Basic Cardiac Electrophysiology) varies with heart rate. The length is shortened as…

…Figure 5. Failure to capture during the refractory period. Figure 6. Tachyarrhythmia with ventricular pacing. Failure to capture Definition : pacing does not result in myocardial…

…intravenous access, fluid and early contact with anaesthesia or intensive care Refractory anaphylaxis Persisting airway, respiratory or circulatory compromise despite two adequate intramuscular doses of…

…when the shock is delivered, and that the thromboembolic risk has been dealt with before the atria begin to contract again. An unsynchronised shock that…

…for delirium every shift BIS (during neuromuscular blockade) 40–60 Targeted light sedation with a daily wake up trial shortens the time on the ventilator…

…°C has not been shown to improve survival or the neurological outcome compared with keeping the patient normothermic — but fever after cardiac arrest is harmful…

Info This page summarises the most current recommendations for the management of acute coronary syndromes with persistent ST segment elevations (i.e STEMI, ST segment…

…mechanical circulatory support Refractory advanced disease Consider palliative care Right ventricular failure is characterized by increased right atrial and right ventricular pressures with systemic congestion…

…aorta: Stanford type A: involves the ascending aorta, with or without extension into the arch or descending aorta. Stanford type B: does not involve the…

…refers to clinically significant atherosclerotic disease affecting two or more major epicardial coronary arteries. It frequently coexists with left main coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus…

…symptoms are severe, refractory to guideline directed medical therapy, occur at a low level of exertion, or are associated with high event risk. The apparent…

…terms “controlled resistant hypertension,” referring to blood pressure controlled with four or more medications, and “refractory hypertension,” referring to uncontrolled blood pressure despite five or…

…drugs or “refractory hypertension” for blood pressure above target despite five or more drugs. Screening for primary aldosteronism Screening for primary aldosteronism with renin and…

…and severe bradycardia. Patients should be monitored for arrhythmias and QT prolongation with each dose adjustment, typically waiting 2 to 3 days to attain a…

…However, in cases of rapid AVNRT or in patients with underlying structural heart disease, the arrhythmia may result in symptoms indicative of reduced cardiac output…

…by Haïssaguerre et al it was reported that early repolarization was associated with 3–5 times as great a risk of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and…

…CPR in patients with refractory out of hospital cardiac arrest. Patients aged 18 to 70, who received bystander CPR and initially presented with a ventricular…

…completely refractory, the impulse will be blocked and no QRS complex appears. Figure 1. Typical premature atrial contraction. Figure 2. Atrial premature beat with retrograde…

…more and more refractory) each time until it is completely refractory and blocks the atrial impulse. This manifests on the ECG with gradual prolongation of…