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Inotropes and vasopressors: doses, indications, contraindications and effects

…of each drug according to its vasoconstrictor effect (vertical axis) and its positive inotropic effect (horizontal axis). Grey = pure vasopressors, orange = phosphodiesterase inhibitors…

Cardiac thromboembolism: cardiac sources of embolism

…classical lacunar syndromes, namely: (1) pure motor stroke/hemiparesis (2) ataxic hemiparesis (3) dysarthria (4) pure sensory stroke (5) mixed sensorimotor stroke. Cardioembolic stroke Thromboembolism…

Junctional rhythm (escape rhythm) and junctional tachycardia

…by cells near the node. The following must be noted: There are cells with pure automaticity around the atrioventricular node. These cells are capable of…

Acute kidney injury: quick reference for management

…markedly impaired renal function [3]. Urine output can change before creatinine but is not a pure marker of filtration. Oliguria may be due to hypovolaemia…

Urinary alkalinisation

…failure. Without urine production there is no urine to alkalinise, and the sodium and volume load becomes pure harm. Dialysis is then the way forward…

Pericardial Effusion & Cardiac tamponade

…The effusion itself may consist of serous fluid (transudate), protein rich fluid (exudate) to pure blood (exudate). Often pericardial effusion is detected randomly (for example…

Pre-test Probability and Selection of Non-invasive Testing in Stable Angina

…This pre test probability is the clinician’s estimate of the probability that the patient has anatomically obstructive CAD before the result of a new…

Pre-excitation, Atrioventricular Reentrant (Reentry) Tachycardia (AVRT), Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome

…prolonged. Individuals with accessory pathways (Kent's bundle) only display pre excitation on the ECG when impulses are actually conducted over the accessory pathway. In…

Preeclampsia and Hypertensive Pregnancy Disorders as Future Cardiovascular Risk

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and clinical classification Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy comprise chronic or pre existing hypertension, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia. Collectively, they affect approximately…

Exercise stress test on cycle ergometer

…Preoperative functional assessment before major surgery. At a low pre test probability most positive results are false positives; at a high probability a negative test…

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