…are cells with pure automaticity around the atrioventricular node. These cells are capable of spontaneous depolarization (i.e they display automaticity) and can therefore act…

…begins with assessment and management of reversible causes. Because the prognosis is described as benign, treatment is directed primarily at symptom relief and may not…

…These factors interact and vary over time. Some factors vary from second to second (e.g. degree of ischemia, parasympathetic and sympathetic tone) while others…

…Unstable monomorphic VT with a pulse. Pre excitation with atrial fibrillation and a very rapid ventricular rate. Elective or subacute: Symptomatic persistent atrial fibrillation where…

…vertical axis) and its positive inotropic effect (horizontal axis). Grey = pure vasopressors, orange = phosphodiesterase inhibitors, blue/turquoise = calcium sensitisers and a beta…

…and, if the patient has suffered a stroke/TIA, to assess whether the embolic source is the most likely cause of the event. Echocardiographic assessment…

…markedly impaired renal function [3]. Urine output can change before creatinine but is not a pure marker of filtration. Oliguria may be due to hypovolaemia…

…and the sodium and volume load becomes pure harm. Dialysis is then the way forward. Heart failure, pulmonary oedema and other conditions with a high…

Echocardiography Pericardial diseases: effusion and tamponade A long series of conditions can affect the pericardium (pericardium). The most common of these are acute pericarditis (perimyocarditis…

…Clinical assessment and estimation of pre test probability Symptoms and clinical context The assessment begins with the clinical presentation, including the character and stability of…