…by cells near the node. The following must be noted: There are cells with pure automaticity around the atrioventricular node. These cells are capable of…

…by hyperpolarisation and contributes to spontaneous diastolic depolarisation. By inhibiting the intracellular portion of its transmembrane pore, ivabradine reduces the slope of diastolic depolarisation and…

…chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being the most common. The figure 80% occurs in most textbooks in the field. However, contemporary data suggest…

…Unstable monomorphic VT with a pulse. Pre excitation with atrial fibrillation and a very rapid ventricular rate. Elective or subacute: Symptomatic persistent atrial fibrillation where…

…of each drug according to its vasoconstrictor effect (vertical axis) and its positive inotropic effect (horizontal axis). Grey = pure vasopressors, orange = phosphodiesterase inhibitors…

…suffered a stroke/TIA, to assess whether the embolic source is the most likely cause of the event. Echocardiographic assessment of cardiac embolic sources re

…markedly impaired renal function [3]. Urine output can change before creatinine but is not a pure marker of filtration. Oliguria may be due to hypovolaemia…

…failure. Without urine production there is no urine to alkalinise, and the sodium and volume load becomes pure harm. Dialysis is then the way forward…

…The effusion itself may consist of serous fluid (transudate), protein rich fluid (exudate) to pure blood (exudate). Often pericardial effusion is detected randomly (for example…

…an ischaemic mechanism. Clinical assessment and estimation of pre test probability Symptoms and clinical context The assessment begins with the clinical presentation, including the character…