ECG Troponin is a protein complex expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle. The complex consists of troponin I (TnI) , troponin C (TnC) and troponin T …

…and Pathophysiology Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside present throughout the body that interacts with G protein coupled A1 receptors located on the extracellular surface of…

…Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic protein that regulates the availability of the low density lipoprotein…

…cytokine signalling and recruitment of inflammatory cells to vascular lesions. The interleukin 1β pathway, with downstream effects involving interleukin 6 and C reactive protein…

…Definition and staging according to KDIGO Acute kidney injury is present when at least one of the following criteria is met [1]: A rise in…

…0 mmol/L Triglycerides < 1.7 mmol/L 10 carries a risk of pancreatitis Cardiac markers and coagulation Test Reference Comment : : : High sensitivity troponin…

…broad spectrum hydroxamic acid based inhibitor of histone deacetylase... <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Abexinostat+AND+(%22QT%22+OR+Torsad " PubMed…

…nor desethylamiodarone is dialyzable. The volume of distribution is large, averaging 60 L/kg, and the drug is highly protein bound (96%). The elimination half…

…magnitude of cardiovascular risk reduction was considered similar to that achieved with statins for a comparable absolute degree of LDL C lowering. Diabetes and glycaemic…

…improves endothelial function, lowers circulating high sensitivity C reactive protein, reduces thrombogenicity, and favourably modifies inflammatory and collagen related components of atherosclerotic plaque. These effects…

…the occurrence of new onset seizures or coma in a pregnant woman with preeclampsia. HELLP syndrome—haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes or transaminases, and thrombocytopenia—is…

…about 7.20. Different targets apply when the intracranial pressure is raised: normocapnia (PaCO₂ 4.5–5.0 kPa) and avoidance of hypoxia, since hypercapnia…

…Procedure Choice of insertion site The left lower quadrant is the first choice : the abdominal wall is thinner there than on the right, and the…

…of causing cardiomyopathy. Several mechanisms contribute: Direct toxic effects on cardiomyocytes Disruption of intracellular signalling and protein synthesis Electrical channelopathies Oxidative stress Cellular apoptosis and…

…the elaboration of high levels of natriuretic peptides and cardiac troponin [19]. ATTR Amyloidosis: This form arises from the misfolding of transthyretin, a protein produced…

…of which 69.4% died. Guo et al also report a significant association between troponin T levels and C reactive protein (CRP) and N terminal…

…or visceral, adipose tissue is more closely related to insulin resistance and the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The waist…

…effects on erythropoietin activity and erythropoiesis SGLT2 inhibition may also activate adenosine 5′ monophosphate activated protein kinase and inhibit mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1…

…1) . Gap junctions are protein channels that connect the cell membranes of adjacent cells and enable the flow of ions between cells. This means that…

…be more or less echogenic. It is important to estimate the volume, echogenicity and location of the effusion. Regarding the location, an effusion may be…

…FH results from pathogenic variants affecting proteins in the hepatic LDL receptor pathway. Reduced cellular uptake and clearance of LDL leads to increased circulating LDL…

…increased workload STATUS OF CORONARY ARTERY SETTING EFFECT ECG REACTION Normal coronary artery (no atherosclerosis) At rest Oxygen supply is adequate and ischemia cannot occur…

…The majority of these are genes encoding desmosomal proteins . The desmosome is a component of the intercalated disc that connects myocardial cells mechanically and electrically…

…20 to 30 minutes of complete ischemia. After this period the cells die and the cell membranes collapse whereby cellular proteins are released into the…

…This makes more calcium available to the contractile proteins which therefore produce stronger contractions. Lowering of the heart rate is due to increased Vagus nerve…

…with variants affecting sarcomeric proteins, particularly MYH7 and MYBPC3. Approximately 40–60% of tested patients have a single variant identified as the cause of disease…

…acute myocardial injury without having an infarction. The degree of troponin elevation does not by itself establish the mechanism. Increased concentrations may result from acute…

…is composed of cell membrane proteins that connect adjacent cells mechanically and electrically. The electrical connection is established by gap junctions, which are proteins that…

…will experience severe chest pain due to the abrupt reduction of coronary blood flow. Acute coronary syndromes are subdivided into STE ACS and NSTE ACS …

…Absence of known mutations defines the condition as idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy . Echocardiography in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) In dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), both ventricles are dilated and…