Cardiology Coronary Atherosclerosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental…

…and death. The clinical consequences are particularly important when pulmonary vascular obstruction is accompanied by limited cardiopulmonary reserve or other adverse comorbidity. The classification of…

…males and approximately 10 years later in females. Untreated HoFH is associated with extensive premature and progressive ASCVD; CAD and aortic stenosis may occur before…

…and genetic predisposition. Acute cardiovascular effects Acute ethanol exposure has a negative inotropic effect and promotes peripheral vasodilation through reduced systemic vascular resistance. The resulting…

…annular dilatation, or both; progressive ventricular remodeling may also occur in primary valvular disease. Increasing severity of mitral regurgitation is associated with worse outcomes. Pulmonary…

…classic claudication. Asymptomatic or atypical PAD remains clinically important. Reduced activity may lead to progressive functional decline, sedentary behaviour and loss of independence. Identification of…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…Lipid accumulation, oxidative stress and immune activation progressively alter the local vascular environment. The extracellular matrix is an active component of lesion development rather than…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Introduction Cardiovascular disease becomes increasingly prevalent with advancing age, while its clinical expression and management become progressively more complex. Older adults, often…

…left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are revascularization procedures…

…The contemporary understanding of AF has evolved significantly; it is no longer viewed merely as an electrical anomaly but as a progressive, complex atrial myopathy…

…individuals. Pathophysiology Lp(a) is associated with several interrelated pathological processes: accelerated atherogenesis; vascular inflammation; progression of calcific aortic stenosis; enhancement of a prothrombotic state…

…to a facility with vascular expertise. The initial evaluation should establish: The time of symptom onset and the rate of progression The location and severity…

…or progressive disease suggestive of an advanced phenotype. Particular attention should be paid to potentially reversible causes and associated cardiovascular conditions, including coronary syndromes, valvular…

…implantation produce local vascular injury and initiate a sustained inflammatory and reparative response. Proliferation and accumulation of tissue within the stent progressively reduce the lumen…

…alone in patients with diabetes. Insulin resistance is accompanied by compensatory hyperinsulinaemia and, with progression, hyperglycaemia and pancreatic β cell dysfunction. These abnormalities initiate self…

…pharmacodynamic mechanisms. These drugs are broadly utilised to augment myocardial contractility, manipulate systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance, and restore adequate end organ perfusion. Dobutamine is…

…rupture with tamponade, and less common causes such as severe pre existing valvular disease or excessive beta blocker or calcium channel blocker exposure. The incidence…

…Moderate progression risk; vascular risk factors require close attention 3b 30–45 mL/min/1.73 m² Proteinuria may be present High risk of progression…

…premature mortality compared with continued smoking. Cessation also improves vascular health and may reduce cardiovascular risk within several years, although risk may remain higher than…

…to visualize clearly with trans thoracic echocardiography. Causes of right ventricular hypertrophy Lung disease (with increased pulmonary vascular resistance), congenital heart disease (transposition of the…

…30 mm in depth. PAU is strongly associated with extensive atherosclerosis and frequently occurs in older patients with multiple vascular comorbidities. An isolated PAU is…

…disease progression. Diuretics may be used for symptom relief. Surgical repair or valve replacement is considered when medical therapy is insufficient, or when concomitant valvular…

…into asystole. The gradual progression from coarse VF to fine VF and finally asystole is the result of diminishing ATP concentration in the myocardium. ATP…

…Plaques, Atherothrombosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by the subendothelial accumulation of…

…and infarction Definition and conceptual framework Acute coronary occlusion is the abrupt or progressive reduction of coronary blood flow sufficient to produce myocardial ischaemia and…

…4.0 cm 2 . Aortic stenosis is a progressive disease that leads to a gradual reduction in the orifice area. As the area is reduced…

…important precautions. A hypertensive emergency is defined by a markedly raised blood pressure in combination with new or progressive acute target organ damage. Common manifestations…

…disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the progressive deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory…

…occurs when intrapericardial pressure equals or exceeds right atrial pressure. The haemodynamic consequences are progressive impairment of right and left sided filling, reduced stroke volume…

…impaired consciousness or new onset marked weakness rapidly progressive symptoms from several organ systems severe abdominal pain or repeated vomiting after probable allergen exposure sudden…

…including heart failure and ischaemic heart disease. Ageing is associated with progressive increases in systolic blood pressure (SBP), while diastolic blood pressure (DBP) rises less…

…therefore be considered throughout assessment. Coronary disease is most commonly related to atheromatous plaque producing progressive narrowing or obstruction of epicardial coronary arteries. Endothelial dysfunction…

…arrhythmia with low risk of recurrence. Atrial fibrillation in other circumstances (particularly those listed above) is usually a progressive disease. Complications of atrial fibrillation and…

…block Mobitz type I exhibits the Wenckebach phenomenon , which is characterized by a progressive delay in impulse conduction, eventually leading to a blocked atrial impulse…

…Contact nephrology early in severe, progressive or diagnostically unclear AKI. Definition and staging according to KDIGO Acute kidney injury is present when at least one…

…block, Mobitz I (Wenckebach): repeated episodes with progressive lengthening of the PR interval until an atrial beat is blocked (the QRS complex fails to appear)…

…chest findings, MAP and the response to every intervention Within 60 min Contact intensive care in shock, rapidly progressive organ dysfunction, respiratory failure, impaired consciousness…

…may indicate underlying arrhythmias. Age : Younger patients are generally at higher risk of SCD due to the progressive nature of HCM. By combining these factors…

…15–90 days. Chronic: more than 90 days. The central clinical danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A…

…the days after MI should prompt immediate consideration of a mechanical complication. Clinical deterioration may be abrupt or progressive, and cardiogenic shock may develop rapidly…

…and vice versa . Stable angina pectoris is a chronic and mostly progressive disease. NSTE ACS (Non ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome) : NSTE ACS is an…

…Most causes of mitral stenosis yield a progressive narrowing of the mitral valve. Mitral stenosis is a slowly progressing disease that eventually causes heart failure…

…is permeated by the mantra time is myocardium, which refers to the progressive loss of myocytes following the occlusion of a coronary artery. The size…

…syndrome is, if caused by irreversible conditions, a progressive disease that necessitates treatment. Implementation of an external artificial pacemaker is an effective treatment. In cthe…

…and vice versa . Stable angina pectoris is a chronic and mostly progressive disease. NSTE ACS (Non ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome) : NSTE ACS is an…

…V6. Refer to Figure 1 . Abnormal R wave progression implies that the gradual increase from V1 to V5 is absent. It may be broken, as…

ECG Exercise stress test Definition and clinical role Exercise electrocardiographic testing is a standardized assessment in which a patient performs progressively increasing external work, usually…

…None ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by rapid ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 2 . VT progressing to ventricular fibrillation. ECG 3 . Ventricular fibrillation, coarse (large amplitudes…

…A circumferential cast in a fresh injury, before surgery, or while swelling is progressing. Take care in impaired sensation (neuropathy, spinal cord injury) — the patient…

…abdominal surgery in a patient with known lung disease. Follow up of treatment effect and of disease progression. Assessment of pulmonary involvement in systemic disease…

…also influenced by anatomic complexity and comorbidity, which themselves may contribute to progression of native coronary artery disease. The chronic total occlusion is an important…

…is relatively uncommon in the first decade, rises progressively through adulthood and becomes less steep in later life, although diagnoses may still occur after the…

…relationship between triglyceride concentrations and aortic disease is less clearly defined, although triglycerides may contribute to the development and progression of aortic pathology. Severe HTG…

…an inactive person becomes even modestly active, while additional activity continues to confer benefit with progressively smaller incremental effects. Some activity is preferable to none…

…ECG example 6. Sinus rhythm, rapid progression of R waves in precordial leads. Slight ST segment elevation in leads V2 V3, which is normal in…

…then relative contraindications may be disregarded. Absolute contraindications for exercise ECG Aortic dissection – due to risk of progression and rupture. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) within…

…4 . Ventricular flutter. ECG 5 . Ventricular flutter progressing to ventricular fibrillation. ECG 6 . Ventricular flutter progressing to ventricular fibrillation. ECG 7 . Ventricular fibrillation. ECG 8…

…Progression from first degree AV block to third degree AV block is rare. Progression from second degree AV block Mobitz type 1 (Wenckebach block) is…