…impaired consciousness or new onset marked weakness rapidly progressive symptoms from several organ systems severe abdominal pain or repeated vomiting after probable allergen exposure sudden…

Cardiology Coronary Atherosclerosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental…

…4.0 cm 2 . Aortic stenosis is a progressive disease that leads to a gradual reduction in the orifice area. As the area is reduced…

…and infarction Definition and conceptual framework Acute coronary occlusion is the abrupt or progressive reduction of coronary blood flow sufficient to produce myocardial ischaemia and…

…and systemic embolism. The contemporary understanding of AF has evolved significantly; it is no longer viewed merely as an electrical anomaly but as a progressive…

…occurs when intrapericardial pressure equals or exceeds right atrial pressure. The haemodynamic consequences are progressive impairment of right and left sided filling, reduced stroke volume…

…adventitial disease and trauma. Atherosclerotic PAD is a manifestation of systemic arterial disease rather than an isolated disorder of the lower limbs. Patients frequently have…

…therefore be considered throughout assessment. Coronary disease is most commonly related to atheromatous plaque producing progressive narrowing or obstruction of epicardial coronary arteries. Endothelial dysfunction…

…validated clinical risk tools Acute RV failure is a rapidly progressive syndrome characterized by systemic congestion resulting from impaired RV filling and/or reduced RV…

…early disease or after effective treatment. HFrEF is commonly associated with structural and functional ventricular abnormalities and progressive neurohormonal activation. The therapeutic rationale for disease…

… approximately 90% deteriorate during hospitalization. Patients who develop shock often have severe multivessel coronary disease and progressive, “piece meal” necrosis extending beyond the original infarct…

…arrhythmia with low risk of recurrence. Atrial fibrillation in other circumstances (particularly those listed above) is usually a progressive disease. Complications of atrial fibrillation and…

…duration , sex , and genetically influenced effects on the cardiovascular system. Acute exposure produces transient haemodynamic and myocardial effects, whereas sustained heavy consumption is associated with…

…hemodynamic abnormality in HFpEF is impaired diastolic function. The left ventricle may have apparently preserved global systolic emptying while exhibiting impaired relaxation, increased passive stiffness…

…mitral stenosis Calcification of the mitral valve Complications to radiation therapy Mucopolysaccharidosis Carcinoid tumor Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Iatrogenic stenosis after mitral…

…Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and may affect multiple arterial territories. The arterial wall is biologically active…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Introduction Cardiovascular disease becomes increasingly prevalent with advancing age, while its clinical expression and management become progressively more complex. Older adults, often…

…including heart failure and ischaemic heart disease. Ageing is associated with progressive increases in systolic blood pressure (SBP), while diastolic blood pressure (DBP) rises less…

…important precautions. A hypertensive emergency is defined by a markedly raised blood pressure in combination with new or progressive acute target organ damage. Common manifestations…

…patient with known lung disease. Follow up of treatment effect and of disease progression. Assessment of pulmonary involvement in systemic disease, for example rheumatoid arthritis…

…The shunt fraction (Qp/Qs) is a critical hemodynamic parameter used to quantify the ratio of pulmonary blood flow (Qp) to systemic blood flow (Qs)…

…pharmacodynamic mechanisms. These drugs are broadly utilised to augment myocardial contractility, manipulate systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance, and restore adequate end organ perfusion. Dobutamine is…

…recognition, specialist assessment and restoration of perfusion are essential. The abrupt arterial obstruction may result from progression of peripheral arterial disease, cardiac or aortic embolisation…

…males and approximately 10 years later in females. Untreated HoFH is associated with extensive premature and progressive ASCVD; CAD and aortic stenosis may occur before…

…the arch or descending aorta. In the DeBakey system: Type I: originates in the ascending aorta and extends through the arch, usually into the descending…

…block, Mobitz I (Wenckebach): repeated episodes with progressive lengthening of the PR interval until an atrial beat is blocked (the QRS complex fails to appear)…

…chest findings, MAP and the response to every intervention Within 60 min Contact intensive care in shock, rapidly progressive organ dysfunction, respiratory failure, impaired consciousness…

…frequent in type A IMH. IMH is classified anatomically according to the Stanford system: Type A IMH: involves the ascending aorta. Type B IMH: involves…

…and impaired ventricular relaxation [10]. There is also an increased risk of intracardiac thrombus and stroke or systemic embolization, even in patients in sinus rhythm…

…Definition and scope Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition…

ECG Exercise stress test Definition and clinical role Exercise electrocardiographic testing is a standardized assessment in which a patient performs progressively increasing external work, usually…

…Thresholds vary among guideline systems: Classification Fasting triglycerides Non fasting triglycerides Mild to moderate HTG 150–499 mg/dL (1.7–5.6 mmol/L…

…cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cardiovascular mortality. Cardiovascular risk rises progressively as kidney function declines and as albuminuria increases. When eGFR falls below approximately 60–75…

…The lifetime burden of CVD is related to the number and severity of cardiovascular risk factors. Five modifiable factors—systolic blood pressure, non HDL cholesterol…

…ECG example 6. Sinus rhythm, rapid progression of R waves in precordial leads. Slight ST segment elevation in leads V2 V3, which is normal in…

…then relative contraindications may be disregarded. Absolute contraindications for exercise ECG Aortic dissection – due to risk of progression and rupture. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) within…

…7]. Etiology and Mechanisms LBBB may result from lesser degrees of conduction delay within the left bundle system in the case of incomplete LBBB [7]…

…atherosclerosis is a disease in which the immune system elicits an active inflammation within the artery wall and lipids (particularly LDL cholesterol) plays a key…

…Plaques, Atherothrombosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by the subendothelial accumulation of…

…disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the progressive deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory…

…block Mobitz type I exhibits the Wenckebach phenomenon , which is characterized by a progressive delay in impulse conduction, eventually leading to a blocked atrial impulse…

…Contact nephrology early in severe, progressive or diagnostically unclear AKI. Definition and staging according to KDIGO Acute kidney injury is present when at least one…

…may indicate underlying arrhythmias. Age : Younger patients are generally at higher risk of SCD due to the progressive nature of HCM. By combining these factors…

…the days after MI should prompt immediate consideration of a mechanical complication. Clinical deterioration may be abrupt or progressive, and cardiogenic shock may develop rapidly…

…and vice versa . Stable angina pectoris is a chronic and mostly progressive disease. NSTE ACS (Non ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome) : NSTE ACS is an…

…is permeated by the mantra time is myocardium, which refers to the progressive loss of myocytes following the occlusion of a coronary artery. The size…

…syndrome is, if caused by irreversible conditions, a progressive disease that necessitates treatment. Implementation of an external artificial pacemaker is an effective treatment. In cthe…

…and vice versa . Stable angina pectoris is a chronic and mostly progressive disease. NSTE ACS (Non ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome) : NSTE ACS is an…

…V6. Refer to Figure 1 . Abnormal R wave progression implies that the gradual increase from V1 to V5 is absent. It may be broken, as…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…None ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by rapid ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 2 . VT progressing to ventricular fibrillation. ECG 3 . Ventricular fibrillation, coarse (large amplitudes…

…A circumferential cast in a fresh injury, before surgery, or while swelling is progressing. Take care in impaired sensation (neuropathy, spinal cord injury) — the patient…

…also influenced by anatomic complexity and comorbidity, which themselves may contribute to progression of native coronary artery disease. The chronic total occlusion is an important…

…initiate a sustained inflammatory and reparative response. Proliferation and accumulation of tissue within the stent progressively reduce the lumen. The stent scaffold prevents the external…

…several interrelated pathological processes: accelerated atherogenesis; vascular inflammation; progression of calcific aortic stenosis; enhancement of a prothrombotic state. Its atherogenic and inflammatory effects may be…

…alone in patients with diabetes. Insulin resistance is accompanied by compensatory hyperinsulinaemia and, with progression, hyperglycaemia and pancreatic β cell dysfunction. These abnormalities initiate self…

…whereas CABG provides a bypass beyond diseased segments. The latter may also protect against future proximal disease progression, while stents do not prevent the development…

…an inactive person becomes even modestly active, while additional activity continues to confer benefit with progressively smaller incremental effects. Some activity is preferable to none…

…4 . Ventricular flutter. ECG 5 . Ventricular flutter progressing to ventricular fibrillation. ECG 6 . Ventricular flutter progressing to ventricular fibrillation. ECG 7 . Ventricular fibrillation. ECG 8…