…Respiration A respiratory rate of at least 22/min, increased work of breathing, a new oxygen requirement, a saturation below 93 per cent on air…

…to apolipoprotein(a). The length of apolipoprotein(a) varies because of genetically determined differences in the number of kringle IV type 2 repeats. Lp(a)…

…A circumferential cast in a fresh injury, before surgery, or while swelling is progressing. Take care in impaired sensation (neuropathy, spinal cord injury) — the patient…

…Plaques, Atherothrombosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by the subendothelial accumulation of…

Cardiology Coronary Atherosclerosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental…

…less commonly, a mass. Tamponade occurs when intrapericardial pressure equals or exceeds right atrial pressure. The haemodynamic consequences are progressive impairment of right and left…

…of a previously atherosclerotic coronary artery. Slowly progressive severe stenoses are less likely to cause STEMI because collateral vessels may develop over time. By contrast…

…Ageing is associated with progressive increases in systolic blood pressure (SBP), while diastolic blood pressure (DBP) rises less steeply and may remain stable or decline…

…rupture with tamponade, and less common causes such as severe pre existing valvular disease or excessive beta blocker or calcium channel blocker exposure. The incidence…

…angina that has become more frequent, more prolonged, or provoked by less exertion. Angina occurring after a recent myocardial infarction. UA belongs to the broader…

…males and approximately 10 years later in females. Untreated HoFH is associated with extensive premature and progressive ASCVD; CAD and aortic stenosis may occur before…

…and a false lumen separated by an intimal flap. Propagation may be antegrade or, less commonly, retrograde. Distal re entry tears may allow blood to…

…However, the chest pain caused by NSTEMI and unstable angina is less severe than the pain in acute STEMI. This is explained by the fact…

…block Mobitz type I exhibits the Wenckebach phenomenon , which is characterized by a progressive delay in impulse conduction, eventually leading to a blocked atrial impulse…

…progressive or diagnostically unclear AKI. Definition and staging according to KDIGO Acute kidney injury is present when at least one of the following criteria is…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Introduction Cardiovascular disease becomes increasingly prevalent with advancing age, while its clinical expression and management become progressively more complex. Older adults, often…

ECG Exercise stress test Definition and clinical role Exercise electrocardiographic testing is a standardized assessment in which a patient performs progressively increasing external work, usually…

…recognition, specialist assessment and restoration of perfusion are essential. The abrupt arterial obstruction may result from progression of peripheral arterial disease, cardiac or aortic embolisation…

…is relatively uncommon in the first decade, rises progressively through adulthood and becomes less steep in later life, although diagnoses may still occur after the…

…disease. The relationship between triglyceride concentrations and aortic disease is less clearly defined, although triglycerides may contribute to the development and progression of aortic pathology…

…to give the reader firm knowledge of normal findings , normal variants (i.e less common variants of what is considered normal) and pathological variants . Thus…

…abdominal surgery in a patient with known lung disease. Follow up of treatment effect and of disease progression. Assessment of pulmonary involvement in systemic disease…

…The arch and ascending aorta are less commonly involved, and ascending aortic PAU is rare. Lesions may be solitary or multiple and typically measure approximately…

…whereas CABG provides a bypass beyond diseased segments. The latter may also protect against future proximal disease progression, while stents do not prevent the development…

…not alter the ECG significantly. The ECG is particularly helpful in RVH because echocardiography is less sensitive with respect to RVH, because the right ventricle…

…these patients exhibit hypotension—often with a systolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg—accompanied by signs of poor vital organ perfusion or frank shock…

…4.0 cm 2 . Aortic stenosis is a progressive disease that leads to a gradual reduction in the orifice area. As the area is reduced…

…important precautions. A hypertensive emergency is defined by a markedly raised blood pressure in combination with new or progressive acute target organ damage. Common manifestations…

…disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the progressive deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory…

…The contemporary understanding of AF has evolved significantly; it is no longer viewed merely as an electrical anomaly but as a progressive, complex atrial myopathy…

…flushing or angio oedema, together with at least one of the following: airway compromise respiratory compromise circulatory compromise severe gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly after exposure to…

…early disease or after effective treatment. HFrEF is commonly associated with structural and functional ventricular abnormalities and progressive neurohormonal activation. The therapeutic rationale for disease…

…arrhythmia with low risk of recurrence. Atrial fibrillation in other circumstances (particularly those listed above) is usually a progressive disease. Complications of atrial fibrillation and…

…block, Mobitz I (Wenckebach): repeated episodes with progressive lengthening of the PR interval until an atrial beat is blocked (the QRS complex fails to appear)…

…may indicate underlying arrhythmias. Age : Younger patients are generally at higher risk of SCD due to the progressive nature of HCM. By combining these factors…

…incorporated into validated clinical risk tools Acute RV failure is a rapidly progressive syndrome characterized by systemic congestion resulting from impaired RV filling and/or…

…signalling and protein synthesis Electrical channelopathies Oxidative stress Cellular apoptosis and necrosis Progressive structural remodelling Alcohol associated hypertension and atherosclerotic coronary disease In patients with…

…annular dilatation, or both; progressive ventricular remodeling may also occur in primary valvular disease. Increasing severity of mitral regurgitation is associated with worse outcomes. Pulmonary…

…and mortality, as well as limb complications. Atherosclerotic lesions generally affect large and medium sized arteries. Pathological features include plaque formation with calcium deposition, medial…

…during the first days after ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The principal lesions are: Ventricular septal rupture (VSR), producing an acute left to right shunt…

…and vice versa . Stable angina pectoris is a chronic and mostly progressive disease. NSTE ACS (Non ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome) : NSTE ACS is an…

…Most causes of mitral stenosis yield a progressive narrowing of the mitral valve. Mitral stenosis is a slowly progressing disease that eventually causes heart failure…

…of sinus node dysfunction Age related degenerative disease (fibrosis) Myocardial ischemia/infarction Lesions due to heart surgery Myocarditis Collagen disease Amyloidosis Risk of supraventricular tachyarrhythmia …

…and vice versa . Stable angina pectoris is a chronic and mostly progressive disease. NSTE ACS (Non ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome) : NSTE ACS is an…

…V6. Refer to Figure 1 . Abnormal R wave progression implies that the gradual increase from V1 to V5 is absent. It may be broken, as…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…None ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by rapid ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 2 . VT progressing to ventricular fibrillation. ECG 3 . Ventricular fibrillation, coarse (large amplitudes…

…abruptly and without preceding warning. Initiation and progression of the fatty streak The earliest visible lesion is the fatty streak, produced by the accumulation of…

…cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cardiovascular mortality. Cardiovascular risk rises progressively as kidney function declines and as albuminuria increases. When eGFR falls below approximately 60–75…

…therapy. Anatomical and functional completeness are not synonymous. Anatomically incomplete revascularization may nevertheless be functionally complete if all lesions causing ischaemia have been treated. Conversely…

…acute coronary syndrome (ACS), myocardial infarction, and repeat target lesion revascularization. Restenosis after balloon angioplasty differs mechanistically from ISR. Balloon angioplasty may result in negative…

…alone in patients with diabetes. Insulin resistance is accompanied by compensatory hyperinsulinaemia and, with progression, hyperglycaemia and pancreatic β cell dysfunction. These abnormalities initiate self…

…an inactive person becomes even modestly active, while additional activity continues to confer benefit with progressively smaller incremental effects. Some activity is preferable to none…

…then relative contraindications may be disregarded. Absolute contraindications for exercise ECG Aortic dissection – due to risk of progression and rupture. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) within…

…4 . Ventricular flutter. ECG 5 . Ventricular flutter progressing to ventricular fibrillation. ECG 6 . Ventricular flutter progressing to ventricular fibrillation. ECG 7 . Ventricular fibrillation. ECG 8…

…The junctional escape rhythm is regular, with a frequency of roughly 40 beats per minute. If the escape rhythm has wide QRS complexes and a…

…dilation. Vena cava inferior may also dilate secondarily. Principles of management Medical therapies do not alter disease progression. Diuretics may be used for symptom relief…

…ECG Case 1: Ventricular tachycardia progressing to ventricular fibrillation Below are sequential ECG recordings during a sudden cardiac arrest in a 43 year old male…

…5 often warrants surgical or percutaneous closure in ASD/VSD. Serial measurements track shunt progression in chronic conditions. Post Intervention Monitoring : Assess residual shunts after…