…becomes prolonged. However, most often the cause of the load is the primary problem. Among the causes are pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, septum defects, etc…

…QUESTIONS COMMENTS Risk factors for the 5 serious etiologies Family history (focus on ischemic heart disease, aortic dissection, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax). Hypertension. Smoking. Dyslipidemia (hyperlipidemia)…

…muscle rupture Papillary muscle rupture causes abrupt severe MR. Its typical presentation is: Sudden severe dyspnoea. Acute pulmonary oedema. Hypotension. Progressive heart failure. Cardiogenic shock…

…5. Pulmonary Hypertension Pain Characteristics: Severe pulmonary hypertension can cause exertional chest pain that mimics angina pectoris [5]. This pain is thought to result from…

…LV) filling pressures, defined invasively as a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) ≥15 mmHg at rest or ≥25 mmHg during exercise [4] . This hemodynamic criterion…

…patients being evaluated for pulmonary hypertension [16]. Causes of Left and Right Axis Deviation Based on the provided context, the primary etiologies for axis deviations…

…remodeling may also occur in primary valvular disease. Increasing severity of mitral regurgitation is associated with worse outcomes. Pulmonary hypertension secondary to left heart disease…

…increases cardiac output, and lowers pulmonary artery pressure without increasing myocardial oxygen consumption. The inotropic effect of levosimendan is not affected by the concurrent use…

Right ventricle and pulmonary artery Normal interval Mildly abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal RV DIMENSIONS Basal RV diameter (RVD 1), cm 2.0–2.8…

Mitral valve regurgitation Primary parameters Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Vena contracta (cm) < 0,3 0,3 0,69 0,69 EROA (cm²…