Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and scope Alcohol has dose , pattern , duration , sex , and genetically influenced effects on the cardiovascular system. Acute exposure produces transient haemodynamic…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Clinical Rationale Physical activity comprises bodily movement that increases energy expenditure, including walking, household tasks, active commuting and recreational activities…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and pathophysiology Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among women worldwide and in the United States. In the…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Scope Primary prevention aims to prevent the clinical manifestation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals without established clinical CVD. It…

…declined steadily ever since. The marked decline in death rates and case fatality is most likely explained by successful primary preventive strategies, such as reduced…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Introduction Cardiovascular disease becomes increasingly prevalent with advancing age, while its clinical expression and management become progressively more complex. Older adults, often…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and cardiovascular rationale Smoking cessation is the complete discontinuation of tobacco smoking, with avoidance of second hand smoke and, where possible…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Dietary patterns are the overall combinations of foods habitually consumed rather than isolated nutrients considered independently. For cardiometabolic health…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and pathophysiology Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a clinical disorder caused by stenosis or occlusion of the aorta or arteries supplying…

Cardiology Introduction Ventricular tachycardia (VT) represents a complex and potentially lethal spectrum of cardiac arrhythmias that remains a formidable challenge in contemporary cardiovascular medicine. As…

…in whom aspirin has a substantially more favourable benefit–risk profile. Aspirin is not a general purpose cardiovascular preventive treatment. In people without established ASCVD…

…also identifies non obstructive plaque, which may have important prognostic and preventive implications even when stenosis is not flow limiting. CCTA should be distinguished from…

…of myocardial fibrosis). Risk stratification The calculator helps identify patients at high risk of SCD who may benefit from preventive interventions, such as ICD implantation…

…therapy and broader preventive management. The test is particularly relevant when the decision to initiate or intensify preventive therapy is uncertain. Prevention guidelines support its…

…imaging finding; it can refine the decision to test and may identify patients who require preventive therapy even when functional testing is normal. Probability categories…

…selected populations. Clinical presentation and symptoms SGLT2 inhibitors are preventive and disease modifying therapies rather than treatments directed at a particular symptom complex. The source…

…and is not determined solely by the apparent frequency or duration of documented episodes. The central therapeutic objective is prevention of thromboembolic complications, particularly stroke…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiological basis Secondary prevention after myocardial infarction (MI) encompasses long term interventions intended to reduce recurrent infarction…

…diagnosis, and prevention of SCD in Brugada syndrome. Pathophysiology and Genetic Architecture Genetic Architecture: From Monogenic to Polygenic Models Brugada syndrome was classically defined as…

Procedurer Since TTM2 the emphasis has shifted from cooling to fever prevention. Lowering the body temperature to 33 °C has not been shown to improve…

…and infarction Definition and Purpose Cardiac rehabilitation is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary secondary prevention intervention for patients with cardiovascular disease, including those recovering from myocardial infarction…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Lipid lowering therapy is a central component of cardiovascular prevention, particularly in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD…

…combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in adult patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including: Unstable angina (UA…

…is indicated for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in adult patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or a prior heart attack and a high risk…

…receptor inhibitor. It is central to the prevention of platelet mediated coronary thrombosis after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Aspirin irreversibly…

…predictors in prediction models. Targeting risk factors has been very successful in the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, both at the population…

…lipodermatosclerosis, stasis dermatitis. Prevention of recurrence after a healed venous ulcer. After deep vein thrombosis with post thrombotic syndrome. Differential diagnosis Feature Venous ulcer Arterial…

…ICDs provide immediate intervention during life threatening arrhythmias, thereby preventing sudden cardiac death. The 2015 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines advocate for ICD implantation…

…ICDs provide immediate intervention during life threatening arrhythmias, thereby preventing sudden cardiac death. The 2015 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines advocate for ICD implantation…

…by echocardiography. Reduced LVEF reliably identifies a high risk group that derives a large, trial proven survival benefit from primary prevention ICDs. Its dominance, though…

…against interleukin 1β, provided proof of concept but was not developed for routine coronary prevention because of fatal infections and high cost. Low dose…

… 150 mg/dL (≥1.7 mmol/L) in ESC primary prevention guidance 175–499 mg/dL (2.0–5.6 mmol/L) Severe HTG ≥500…

…not reverse coronary atherosclerosis. Long term benefit therefore depends on the integration of revascularisation with guideline directed medical therapy and secondary prevention. Clinical Presentation and…

…underlying coronary atherosclerotic process. Their clinical effects therefore occur within the broader framework of guideline directed medical therapy and secondary prevention. PCI treats focal stenotic…

…relationship between glycaemia and cardiovascular disease is complex. Glycaemic control is important for prevention of microvascular complications, but intensive glucose lowering alone has shown little…

…onset, is of paramount importance. The primary concern in correcting hyponatremia is the prevention of osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS), previously known as central pontine myelinolysis…

…ABI or follow up 0.41–0.90 Peripheral arterial disease, mild to moderate Secondary prevention, walking exercise ≤ 0.40 Severe ischaemia Urgent vascular surgical…

…to their indication. Do not routinely stop aspirin given as secondary prevention 8 Contact the endoscopist and the consultant on call early. In cirrhosis or…

…the serum creatinine up to 30% is considered acceptable. In the setting of acute heart failure, N terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide (NT proBNP…

…The LDL C response varies with background therapy: Treatment setting Approximate LDL C reduction versus placebo Monotherapy 23% Added to background statin therapy 18% Fixed…

…formally to reduce heart failure mortality; its established role is symptom relief and prevention of recurrent congestion and hospitalization. Clinical presentation and symptoms Symptoms of…

…Historically, revascularization was considered capable of improving LV systolic function and prognosis by restoring perfusion to viable dysfunctional myocardium while preventing further ischemic events. However…

…particles. Cardiovascular risk categories Primary prevention For adults aged 40–75 years without diabetes and with LDL C between 70 and 189 mg/dL, 10…

…ventricular tachyarrhythmias and atrial fibrillation (AF). It is also effective in preventing the recurrence of a wide variety of supraventricular tachycardias (SVTs), including atrial flutter…

…remains the meticulous application of anticoagulant therapies, balancing the imperative of stroke prevention against the inherent risks of iatrogenic hemorrhage. ECG recordings of atrial fibrillation…