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Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state: quick reference

…protocols. Children, pregnant women and patients with advanced renal failure, marked heart failure or circulatory shock require a specific protocol and early specialist involvement. DKA…

Massive haemorrhage and transfusion: quick reference

…immediately: 1. Call for help using the words massive haemorrhage , and state the patient's location and identity, the presumed cause of bleeding, and how…

Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection

…coronary circulation and may involve multiple vessels. Pregnancy associated SCAD can occur at any stage of pregnancy or after delivery, although more than 70% of…

Noradrenaline, Dobutamine and Levosimendan: Practical Infusion Use

…end organ hypoperfusion, shock states, and pulmonary congestion. In pregnant patients presenting with suspected acute heart failure, urgent hospital admission and referral to an expert…

Hypertensive Emergency and Urgency: Differentiation and Treatment

…anxiety, or distress have transient BP elevation that improves when the precipitating state resolves. The distinction is therefore not based on the BP value alone…

Cardiovascular Risk in Women: Sex-Specific Factors

…medicine Definition and pathophysiology Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among women worldwide and in the United States. In the United States…

Laryngeal mask and difficult airway

…bag mask ventilation or failed intubation — and already at the planning stage when the MACOCHA score or the LEMON assessment indicates that difficulties are likely…

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and Holter ECG

…adverse drug effects. Wide variability between measurements. Hypertension in pregnancy. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications. Refrain or adapt in atrial fibrillation with a rapid…

Poisoning: quick reference for antidotes and initial management

…unusual or unclear poisoning, with modified release preparations, mixed poisoning, pregnancy, children, a need for an antidote or dialysis, and whenever the clinical course deviates…

Cardiac arrest during pregnancy and childbirth

…in the supine position in a cardiac arrest. For women beyond the 20 th week of pregnancy, or when the fundal height surpasses the umbilicus…

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