…consider both cardiac and non cardiac etiologies [1]. Cardiac Causes The primary differential diagnoses include conditions that directly affect the myocardium or major vessels. 1…

…A high oxygen concentration washes nitrogen out of the pleural air and speeds resorption. Other conditions in which high flow oxygen is given irrespective of…

…involved in about 30% and the arch in approximately 10%. Because the haematoma lies close to the adventitia, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, peri aortic haematoma…

Procedurer Almost all the complications of pleural aspiration arise from two errors: the needle is placed in the wrong site, and too much is drained…

…necrosis, bleeding, or pleural incision may expose cardiac antigens and initiate an inflammatory response. The presence of antibodies directed against cardiac tissue, the latent interval…

…to the tissue. Reverberations are common when examining lung tissue; the double layered pleura produce reverberations, which are referred to as A lines . Figure 3…