…keep still. Sedation is usually better than physical restraint — ketamine provides both immobilisation and less psychological trauma than being held down by three adults. Procedure…

…daily living. Workload or exertion required to provoke symptoms. Response to current antianginal therapy. Adverse effects that restrict further drug escalation. Previous PCI, CABG, or…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Clinical Rationale Physical activity comprises bodily movement that increases energy expenditure, including walking, household tasks, active commuting and recreational activities…

…Hemodynamics is the study of blood flow dynamics. The physical laws that govern blood flow are fundamental in echocardiography. Conventional two dimensional (2D) echocardiography and…

Cardiology Indications for pharmacologic agents Pharmacologic stress tests are indicated in the following scenarios: Inability to exercise due to physical limitations. Contraindications to exercise, such…

Echocardiography Basic sound and ultrasound physics Unlike light waves, which can propagate through vacuum, sound waves can only propagate through a physical medium. This medium…

…with cardiovascular disease, including those recovering from myocardial infarction. It extends beyond exercise training to incorporate individualized physical activity counselling, risk factor modification, nutritional care…

…history (with emphasis on causes of AV blocks; please refer to theCauses of AV blocks) and physical examination. It is also reasonable to analyze cardiac…

…pneumothorax and respiratory arrest [1]. The first few minutes 1. Sit the patient up and minimise physical exertion. 2. Attach continuous pulse oximetry and an…

…Acute aortic dissection. Physical inability to perform the test safely. Relative: Condition Comment : : Left main stenosis Known — perform the test only on a clear indication…