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Evaluation of exercise stress test: ECG, symptoms, blood pressure, heart rate, performance

…Perceived exertion The patient's perceived exertion is a way of estimating the intensity of the physical activity. It is based on the subjective physical…

Physiological Assessment of Coronary Stenoses and Revascularization Decisions

…index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR). This review synthesizes the physiological basis, diagnostic performance, and outcome evidence for each index, situates two recent noninferiority trials of…

Gynaecological examination and cervical smear

Procedurer For many patients a gynaecological examination is associated with a sense of exposure, and technically correct performance is only half the task. The examination…

What is the difference between cardioversion and defibrillation for arrhythmias?

…energy shocks outperform low escalating energy protocols. Note that while cardioversion restores sinus rhythm in up to 95% of patients, long term maintenance (particularly in…

🟠 HEMORR₂HAGES Bleeding Risk Score

…Lip GY. Performance of the HEMORR₂HAGES, ATRIA, and HAS BLED bleeding risk prediction scores in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing anticoagulation: the AMADEUS study. J…

Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Diagnosis and Treatment

…are elevated. The syndrome is therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion or impaired cardiac performance rather than by ejection fraction alone. Heart failure…

🟠 ATRIA (Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation) Bleeding Risk Score

…Lip GY. Performance of the HEMORR2HAGES, ATRIA, and HAS BLED bleeding risk prediction scores in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing anticoagulation: the AMADEUS study. J…

Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction

…having a considerable burden of non cardiac comorbidity. HFmrEF has clinical characteristics that, on average, resemble HFrEF more closely than HFpEF. Patients are more commonly…

Right Ventricular Infarction: Recognition and Haemodynamic Management

…pressures are reduced. The central management principle is preservation of adequate right ventricular preload while supporting left ventricular performance and systemic circulation. Improvement in left…

Stress Echocardiography: Protocols and Interpretation

…and its diagnostic performance is influenced by image quality and local expertise. Clinical Presentation and Indications Stress echocardiography is used in patients with suspected or…

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