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Edrophonium test

Procedurer Edrophonium is a very short acting cholinesterase inhibitor: the effect appears within less than a minute and has gone after 5–10 minutes. That…

Evaluation of exercise stress test: ECG, symptoms, blood pressure, heart rate, performance

…at ranges from 6 (none) to 20 (maximal exertion). Notably, a high perceived exertion at a low workload is a strong predictor of adverse outcomes…

Physiological Assessment of Coronary Stenoses and Revascularization Decisions

…discussion of each index follows in Section 2, and a guideline oriented comparison (procedural requirements, validated cutoffs, current guideline recommendation class) appears in Section 6…

Gynaecological examination and cervical smear

Procedurer For many patients a gynaecological examination is associated with a sense of exposure, and technically correct performance is only half the task. The examination…

What is the difference between cardioversion and defibrillation for arrhythmias?

…dose" of electricity can immediately and safely restore sinus rhythm, obviating slow drug titration and rendering the supraventricular versus ventricular distinction less critical. Performance involves…

🟠 HEMORR₂HAGES Bleeding Risk Score

…point) S troke (1 point) HEMORR₂HAGES Score Risk category Incidence of major bleeding (per 100 patient years) 0 Low 1.9 1 Low 2.5…

Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Diagnosis and Treatment

…are elevated. The syndrome is therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion or impaired cardiac performance rather than by ejection fraction alone. Heart failure…

🟠 ATRIA (Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation) Bleeding Risk Score

…Buller H, Lip GY. Performance of the HEMORR2HAGES, ATRIA, and HAS BLED bleeding risk prediction scores in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing anticoagulation: the AMADEUS…

Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction

…likelihood of coronary artery disease, which is present in approximately 50–60% of patients. Conversely, atrial fibrillation and non cardiac comorbidities are less frequent than…

Right Ventricular Infarction: Recognition and Haemodynamic Management

…ventricular necrosis is found in approximately one third of patients with inferior infarction. Extensive involvement is less common in patients with inferoposterior left ventricular infarction…

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