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Evaluation of exercise stress test: ECG, symptoms, blood pressure, heart rate, performance

…compared with chest pain and dyspnea, a poor predictor of cardiovascular and all cause mortality. However, leg fatigue must be registered. 2. Exercise performance (functional

Physiological Assessment of Coronary Stenoses and Revascularization Decisions

…index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR). This review synthesizes the physiological basis, diagnostic performance, and outcome evidence for each index, situates two recent noninferiority trials of…

Gynaecological examination and cervical smear

Procedurer For many patients a gynaecological examination is associated with a sense of exposure, and technically correct performance is only half the task. The examination…

What is the difference between cardioversion and defibrillation for arrhythmias?

…versus ventricular distinction less critical. Performance involves sedation (e.g., intravenous midazolam, propofol, or etomidate), routine blood pressure and oximetry monitoring, availability of atropine, isoproterenol…

🟠 HEMORR₂HAGES Bleeding Risk Score

…High 12.3 Interpretation of HEMORR₂HAGES score. Comparison with ATRIA and HAS BLED Scores Several studies have compared the predictive performance of HEMORR₂HAGES with other…

Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Diagnosis and Treatment

…are elevated. The syndrome is therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion or impaired cardiac performance rather than by ejection fraction alone. Heart failure…

🟠 ATRIA (Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation) Bleeding Risk Score

…Buller H, Lip GY. Performance of the HEMORR2HAGES, ATRIA, and HAS BLED bleeding risk prediction scores in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing anticoagulation: the AMADEUS…

Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction

…failure occurring with mildly impaired LV systolic function. The syndrome remains fundamentally one of impaired cardiac performance, in which the heart cannot provide blood flow…

Right Ventricular Infarction: Recognition and Haemodynamic Management

…pressures are reduced. The central management principle is preservation of adequate right ventricular preload while supporting left ventricular performance and systemic circulation. Improvement in left…

Stress Echocardiography: Protocols and Interpretation

…coronary artery disease (CAD). It combines echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular (LV) structure and function with exercise or pharmacological stress. The physiological basis is an…

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