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Right Ventricular Infarction: Recognition and Haemodynamic Management

…Patients with hypotension, marked low output, or persistent severe symptoms require close monitoring and consideration of invasive haemodynamic assessment when precise measurements are needed to…

Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Diagnosis and Treatment

…approximately half of patients with symptomatic HF. The distinction is clinically useful but not absolute. Ejection fraction is a continuous variable and echocardiographic measurement has…

Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction

…the full range of LVEF, and echocardiographic measurement is subject to meaningful variability. HFmrEF may therefore represent several clinically distinct trajectories: A patient whose LVEF…

Edrophonium test

…suspected myasthenia gravis in a patient with clear, objectively verifiable fatigable symptoms. Assessment of whether residual weakness in a patient with known myasthenia responds to…

Hypertensive crisis: quick reference for acute blood pressure lowering

…stabilise the patient Immediate assessment 1. Assess airway, breathing, circulation and level of consciousness. 2. Attach ECG, pulse oximetry and repeated blood pressure measurement when…

Evaluation of exercise stress test: ECG, symptoms, blood pressure, heart rate, performance

…of the parameters that must be evaluated and the final result of the test depends on an integrated assessment of six components: Symptoms Exercise performance…

Gynaecological examination and cervical smear

…Assessment of prolapse. Sampling for a suspected sexually transmitted infection — although chlamydia and gonorrhoea can be tested on urine or a self taken vaginal sample…

🟠 HEMORR₂HAGES Bleeding Risk Score

…the predictive performance of HEMORR₂HAGES with other bleeding risk assessment tools, notably ATRIA and HAS BLED: HAS BLED Score: In a study evaluating bleeding risk…

Exercise Electrocardiographic Testing: Indications, Limitations and Interpretation

…because coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and functional imaging have higher diagnostic performance. Its most consistent contemporary role is therefore the assessment of functional capacity…

Stress Echocardiography: Protocols and Interpretation

…myocardial ischaemia and to estimate prognosis in patients with suspected or established coronary artery disease (CAD). It combines echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular (LV) structure…

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