…late line therapy for patients who remain profoundly symptomatic despite optimal neurohormonal blockade and adequate volume control. It is also utilized for ventricular rate control…

…populations, such as asymptomatic patients with pre excitation who have high risk occupations or participate in competitive athletics. In the context of Brugada syndrome (BrS)…

…produced is utilized to fuel the contractile machinery and maintain ion channel function. Neumar et al studied how the ATP concentration diminishes during ventricular fibrillation…

…a patient who has little or no reliable intrinsic rhythm may develop prolonged pauses. Pacing dependent patients therefore require protection against inhibition during the period…

…trials studied patients with ROSC who did not display ST segment elevations and randomized them to urgent angiography. These trials did not show any benefit…

…refrain or adapt in: The patient does not consent — the examination must then not be carried out. Vaginismus or marked anxiety — plan for extra time…

…hemodynamically and respiratory) and fully conscious patients who experienced a brief cardiac arrest. Post resuscitation care is an integral component of the chain of survival…

…should be reserved for patients in whom the diagnosis has been carefully confirmed. Apparent resistant hypertension may result from: Inaccurate or inconsistent blood pressure measurement…

…73 m². Recalculate in patients who are markedly larger or smaller than average. Higher doses may be required in the critically ill patient. Intravenous antibiotics…

…serves as a tool to identify patients who may require more careful monitoring and management of modifiable risk factors. The HAS BLED score has demonstrated…

…the critically ill patient, AF may be pre existing, newly detected for the first time, or newly developed during management of an acute illness. The…

…L). Non statin treatment for patients who are statin intolerant. Possible concurrent initiation of ezetimibe with maximally tolerated statin therapy during ACS hospitalization. European recommendations…

…patients who do not achieve satisfactory effects using first line therapies. Digoxin is also used frequently in the emergency setting to control ventricular rate during…

…which enables the clinician to examine intracardiac ECGs at any time. However, most clinicians who encounter patients with pacemakers only have access to conventional surface…

…necessary to perform an exercise stress test, during which it is fundamentally important that the patient performs maximally. Only two variables are needed to determine…

…in the size of the thrombus. This means that a patient who experienced chest pain at home may be asymptomatic during the assessment in the…

…Myocardial Infarction Ticagrelor 60 mg twice daily is the recommended dose for extended treatment for patients who had a heart attack at least a year…

…This approach fails to identify a substantial subset of patients with acute coronary occlusion (ACO) who do not meet the established ECG criteria for STEMI…

…All patients with severe acute heart failure who receive levosimendan should be monitored invasively (e.g. arterial line, PiCCO, central venous catheter). The hemodynamic effects…

…excellent, with the vast majority of patients recovering completely after restoration of sinus rhythm (or any other rhythm with normal ventricular rate and activation). Recovery…

…temperature measurement and a target value that must never be exceeded, during the first 72 hours for as long as the patient remains unconscious. The…

…calc_aorta] Sinus of Valsalva (SOV) and Aortic Root Assessment The sinus of Valsalva diameter (SOVd) is a critical measurement in evaluating aortic root morphology…

…includes stable patients who are not low risk but have either RV dysfunction or elevated biomarkers, or neither of these abnormalities in the presence of…

…patient may remain substantial. At the same time, adverse effects such as hypotension, syncope, falls, and functional deterioration may have greater consequences in frail patients…

…90% deteriorate during hospitalization. Patients who develop shock often have severe multivessel coronary disease and progressive, “piece meal” necrosis extending beyond the original infarct zone…

…any statin. Partial intolerance: inability to tolerate the dose required to achieve the patient’s LDL C goal. Complete intolerance is uncommon. Most patients who…

…The specificity of absent pupillary reflex for predicting a poor neurological outcome was 68.8%. This implies that approximately one third of the patients who…

…instability. Fewer than 1% of patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who reach the catheterization laboratory are found to have complete LMCA occlusion, likely…

…overt ischemic signs during stress testing (Bourque et al.). Thus, patients who undergo exercise stress testing must achieve at least 85% of the age adjusted…

…or in those who are otherwise haemodynamically unstable. The benefit of its administration in these patients should be carefully balanced against the potential risks resulting…

…with elevated BP who do not already have a condition conferring sufficiently high cardiovascular risk. They should not be applied as the principal risk tool…

…in time does not reliably exclude future disease in an at risk relative. Across inherited cardiomyopathies, phenotypic expression generally follows a sigmoid pattern over the…

…which seeks to prevent the development of cardiovascular risk factors themselves, and from secondary prevention, which addresses patients with established disease to reduce recurrent events…

…the risk of peripheral artery disease, myocardial infarction, premature death, recurrent infarction and limb threatening complications. Among patients with established peripheral artery disease, those who…

…and virtually all these patients will develop myocardial infarction, which is classified as STEMI (ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) . NSTE ACS is the acronym for Non…

…is now applied to patients with a baseline LVEF ≤40% who have experienced a ≥10 point increase in LVEF, with a subsequent measurement of 40%…

…which promotes both patient and clinician inertia and contributes to inadequate long term control. The treatment objective is individualized blood pressure reduction sufficient to reduce…

…dL) may be considered in the circumstances specified by the guideline. PCSK9 inhibitors are also relevant in statin intolerant patients who remain above goal despite…

…status and walking capacity, because these may reveal “masked” PAD in patients who do not exert themselves sufficiently to provoke symptoms. Intermittent claudication Intermittent claudication…

…can refine the decision to test and may identify patients who require preventive therapy even when functional testing is normal. Probability categories The source material…

…ischaemic discomfort persists, emergency medical services should be called. Patients who have been prescribed sublingual nitroglycerin should be instructed in its appropriate use, although specific…

…The absence of obstructive disease generally indicates a more favourable course than VA accompanied by severe fixed lesions. Nevertheless, patients who develop serious arrhythmias during…

…Patients with stable angina pectoris may develop acute coronary events (acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina) at any time during the disease course. Some patients may…

…Patients with stable angina pectoris may develop acute coronary events (acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina) at any time during the disease course. Some patients may…

…factor The time critical element The diagnosis and the donor care The time from withdrawal of treatment to circulatory arrest Indications An intensive care patient…

…Follow the local definition where one exists, but a neutropenic patient who is clinically unwell must be managed as an emergency even at a lower…

…is the absence of magnetic resonance imaging parameters (extent of myocardial fibrosis). Risk stratification The calculator helps identify patients at high risk of SCD who…

…double blind, placebo controlled study of 13,970 patients at high cardiovascular risk who were unable or unwilling to take statins. Approximately 70% were in…

…as prognostic markers during the disease course. In summary, the risk of severe disease and death is several times higher in patients with cardiovascular diseas

…appropriate first line pharmacological option when a patient is unable to tolerate any statin regimen. The treatment sequence for patients with chronic coronary syndrome is:…

…risk equivalent who were receiving statins, inclisiran produced a further reduction in LDL C of approximately 50%. The effect was consistent in patients with and…

…even in individuals who achieve recommended exercise volumes; therefore, prevention strategies should address both increasing activity and reducing time spent sitting. The relationship between activity…

…Some patients have frequent symptomatic episodes, whereas others have brief or asymptomatic episodes that are not detected during routine clinical assessment. The clinical burden of…

…of the cause. A person who is not breathing will therefore develop a cardiac arrest. During the first minute after a cardiac arrest, the person…

…patient who exhibits an ecotdense mass entrenched in the endocardium with impaired mobility (for example, after myocardial infarction), most likely has a parietal thrombus. The…

…Patients with acute myocardial infarction may present with typical ischemic chest pain, or with dyspnea, nausea, unexplained weakness, or a combination of these symptoms. The…

…In such scenarios, it is very common to provide the patient with a permanent pacemaker to continue optimal medical treatment. Sick sinus syndrome (sinus node…

…should be organized by certified instructors who design their courses in accordance with official guidelines (ERC, AHA, ACC). The chain of survival EARLY RECOGNITION OF…

…In selected patients, P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy may be used as a de escalation strategy after a period of DAPT. The therapeutic objective is to reduce…

…studied 132 patients who unexpectedly experienced sudden cardiac arrest while being monitored with Holter ECG (the indications were palpitations, chest pain, syncope, etc.). The results…