…dose for extended treatment for patients who had a heart attack at least a year ago and are at high risk of a new event…

…of absent pupillary reflex for predicting a poor neurological outcome was 68.8%. This implies that approximately one third of the patients who ultimately had…

…status Risk of falls Symptoms or history suggesting orthostatic hypotension Multimorbidity Polypharmacy and overall therapeutic burden Life expectancy Patient priorities and preferences Patients who are…

…instability. Fewer than 1% of patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who reach the catheterization laboratory are found to have complete LMCA occlusion, likely…

…noted among patients with cardiovascular disease. The highest mortality rate was observed in patients with elevated TnT levels who had underlying cardiovascular disease, of which…

…double blind, placebo controlled study of 13,970 patients at high cardiovascular risk who were unable or unwilling to take statins. Approximately 70% were in…

…death, and among those who did, only a minority had a reduced value — the majority of sudden cardiac deaths occur in patients with preserved LVEF…

…who lack significant comorbidities. The underlying etiology of the cardiac arrest should be amenable to reversal. The indication is stronger in younger individuals. Individual patient…

…often the very question at issue A patient who needs steroid cover simply to get through the day of the test can therefore be given…

…patient preferences, patient background, and the decision to initiate CPR is often ambiguous. Since the risk of attempting CPR is extremely low and the potentially…

…risk of cerebrovascular complications. Seizures in a patient with preeclampsia indicate eclampsia. Postpartum disease is clinically important. Hypertension is most frequent in women who had…

…patient who has little or no reliable intrinsic rhythm may develop prolonged pauses. Pacing dependent patients therefore require protection against inhibition during the period of…

…studied patients with ROSC who did not display ST segment elevations and randomized them to urgent angiography. These trials did not show any benefit of…

Procedurer For many patients a gynaecological examination is associated with a sense of exposure, and technically correct performance is only half the task. The examination…

…preferred level of care for the absolute majority. The CCU may be suitable for stable (hemodynamically and respiratory) and fully conscious patients who experienced a…

…a distinct disease. It identifies patients whose blood pressure remains uncontrolled despite intensive antihypertensive treatment and who therefore require assessment for pseudo resistance, secondary hypertension…

…At a creatinine clearance <20 mL/min, consider an alternative treatment In aminoglycoside treatment of obese patients, an adjusted body weight is used: adjusted weight…

…factors. The HAS BLED score has demonstrated moderate predictive abilities for bleeding risks in AF patients, regardless of the type of oral anticoagulant used. Studies…

…and a higher risk of complications than patients without AF; both short and long term prognosis are worse than in patients who remain in sinus…

… and A reduction of at least 50% from baseline. In patients who experience a recurrent atherothrombotic or cardiovascular event within 2 years while receiving maximally…

…been ousted repeatedly from the standard of care for these conditions. However, digoxin is still used in patients who do not achieve satisfactory effects using…

…However, most clinicians who encounter patients with pacemakers only have access to conventional surface ECGs. Being able to assess pacemaker function and perform troubleshooting should…

…beta blockers actually increase chronotropic competency in patients with heart failure, despite their negative chronotropic effect. Among persons who do not suffer from heart failure…

…which may cause variations in the size of the thrombus. This means that a patient who experienced chest pain at home may be asymptomatic during…

…reperfusion therapy. This approach fails to identify a substantial proportion of patients with acute coronary occlusion (ACO) who present without diagnostic ST elevation, often resulting…

…Hypotension can be counteracted with simultaneous administration of norepinephrine. All patients with severe acute heart failure who receive levosimendan should be monitored invasively (e.g…

…excellent, with the vast majority of patients recovering completely after restoration of sinus rhythm (or any other rhythm with normal ventricular rate and activation). Recovery…

…unconsciousness persists. An awake patient who obeys commands after ROSC needs no targeted temperature management, but must still be kept free of fever. Contraindications and…

…Definition of aortic aneurysm Sinus of Valsalva 45 mm. Any other segment 40 mm in diameter. Thresholds for surgery Threshold for surgery Relevant patient category…

…stable patients who are not low risk but have either RV dysfunction or elevated biomarkers, or neither of these abnormalities in the presence of abnormal…

…its routine use in adult patients is generally discouraged. However, it retains a specific niche in contemporary cardiovascular pharmacotherapy. The pharmacologic foundation of digoxin lies…

…reduction of infarct size. Earlier estimates approached 20%, whereas contemporary trials and observational databases report approximately 5–10%. Only about 10% of patients who develop…

…to achieve the patient’s LDL C goal. Complete intolerance is uncommon. Most patients who report intolerance can ultimately take some form of statin therapy…

…85% of the age adjusted maximum heart rate (MHR) is sufficient to provoke overt ischemic signs during stress testing (Bourque et al.). Thus, patients who…

…patients should be carefully balanced against the potential risks resulting from hypotension. • Withdrawal of clonidine may lead to rebound hypertension. Withdraw slowly. • Simultaneous use of…

…risk varies considerably according to age and the presence of concomitant risk factors. In contrast, patients with confirmed hypertension generally require BP lowering treatment without…

…Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease…

…people without clinical CVD who nevertheless have established risk factors or an elevated estimated risk. It combines lifestyle intervention with treatment of risk factors when…

…risk of peripheral artery disease, myocardial infarction, premature death, recurrent infarction and limb threatening complications. Among patients with established peripheral artery disease, those who stop…

…elevated levels of myocardial proteins. These proteins are cardiac troponins (henceforth referred to only as troponins). When elevated troponin levels are confirmed in patients with…

…is now applied to patients with a baseline LVEF ≤40% who have experienced a ≥10 point increase in LVEF, with a subsequent measurement of 40% …

…heterogeneous, and some patients may benefit from a more individualized selection strategy. When to Initiate Pharmacological Treatment Lifestyle intervention is an essential component of care…

…specified by the guideline. PCSK9 inhibitors are also relevant in statin intolerant patients who remain above goal despite alternative lipid lowering therapy. Evolocumab and alirocumab…

…status and walking capacity, because these may reveal “masked” PAD in patients who do not exert themselves sufficiently to provoke symptoms. Intermittent claudication Intermittent claudication…

…of atherosclerotic obstructive CAD. CAC is therefore not merely an incidental imaging finding; it can refine the decision to test and may identify patients who…

…emergency medical services should be called. Patients who have been prescribed sublingual nitroglycerin should be instructed in its appropriate use, although specific dosing instructions are…

…The absence of obstructive disease generally indicates a more favourable course than VA accompanied by severe fixed lesions. Nevertheless, patients who develop serious arrhythmias during…

…Some patients may experience an acute coronary syndrome as the first manifestation of their coronary artery disease. Moreover, patients who have experienced acute coronary events…

…Some patients may experience an acute coronary syndrome as the first manifestation of their coronary artery disease. Moreover, patients who have experienced acute coronary events…

…and the donor care The time from withdrawal of treatment to circulatory arrest Indications An intensive care patient with severe brain injury in whom total…

…and local care programmes use 38.5 degrees instead. Follow the local definition where one exists, but a neutropenic patient who is clinically unwell must…

…the absence of magnetic resonance imaging parameters (extent of myocardial fibrosis). Risk stratification The calculator helps identify patients at high risk of SCD who may…

…a 50% reduction from baseline. For a patient who experiences a recurrent atherothrombotic event while receiving maximally tolerated statin therapy, an LDL C goal below…

…involving patients with ASCVD or at least one ASCVD risk equivalent who were receiving statins, inclisiran produced a further reduction in LDL C of approximately…

…populations, such as asymptomatic patients with pre excitation who have high risk occupations or participate in competitive athletics. In the context of Brugada syndrome (BrS)…

…quality of life and psychological well being. Physical inactivity is itself a major cardiovascular risk factor. Sedentary behaviour may confer risk even in individuals who…

…Evaluation and risk assessment The evaluation of a patient with AF who may require anticoagulation should establish: Whether AF is clinical or device detected subclinical…

…arrest, BLS includes delivering high quality chest compressions, ventilations and use of an automatic external defibrillator (AED). BLS courses are provided by certified instructors worldwide…

…the case of cardiac masses. The characteristics of the patient, the size and localization of the mass are indicative in diagnostics. A patient who exhibits…

…corresponding decrease in unstable angina in the past two decades (many of those who would previously have been classified as unstable angina are now classified…