…TOMAHAWK trials studied patients with ROSC who did not display ST segment elevations and randomized them to urgent angiography. These trials did not show any…

…death, and among those who did, only a minority had a reduced value — the majority of sudden cardiac deaths occur in patients with preserved LVEF…

…management The most dangerous asthma attack is the silent one. A patient who has become calm, quiet in the chest and stopped struggling may be…

…a patient who has little or no reliable intrinsic rhythm may develop prolonged pauses. Pacing dependent patients therefore require protection against inhibition during the period…

…a visible cervical lesion. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications, but refrain or adapt in: The patient does not consent — the examination must then not…

…the absolute majority. The CCU may be suitable for stable (hemodynamically and respiratory) and fully conscious patients who experienced a brief cardiac arrest. Post resuscitation…

…hypertension is a clinical indicator rather than a distinct disease. It identifies patients whose blood pressure remains uncontrolled despite intensive antihypertensive treatment and who therefore…

…in mL/min , not eGFR relative to 1.73 m². Recalculate in patients who are markedly larger or smaller than average. Higher doses may be…

…BLED score should not be used as a reason to withhold anticoagulation therapy. Instead, it serves as a tool to identify patients who may require…

…comorbidities and a higher risk of complications than patients without AF; both short and long term prognosis are worse than in patients who remain in…

…a non statin agent when LDL C is 55–69 mg/dL (≥1.4 to <1.8 mmol/L). Non statin treatment for patients who…

…However, digoxin is still used in patients who do not achieve satisfactory effects using first line therapies. Digoxin is also used frequently in the emergency…

…who encounter patients with pacemakers only have access to conventional surface ECGs. Being able to assess pacemaker function and perform troubleshooting should be considered a…

…beta blockers actually increase chronotropic competency in patients with heart failure, despite their negative chronotropic effect. Among persons who do not suffer from heart failure…

…of the thrombus. This means that a patient who experienced chest pain at home may be asymptomatic during the assessment in the ER, only to…

…or treatment with another adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor inhibitor for patients who had coronary syndrome and are at high risk of developing a new event…

…This approach fails to identify a substantial subset of patients with acute coronary occlusion (ACO) who do not meet the established ECG criteria for STEMI…

…and thus the selection between them may be guided by individual patient needs rather than by a distinct advantage of one drug over the other…

…The incidence is 10–34% among patients with premature ventricular contractions and/or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia who are referred for electrophysiological evaluation (Hasdemir et al…

…active prevention of fever — defined as a temperature above about 37.7–37.8 °C — for at least 72 hours in patients who remain unconscious…

…mm. Limitations Formulas assume normal body habitus Ethnic variations may require adjusted thresholds Always correlate with imaging measurements Not valid for pediatric patients <15 years

…haemodynamically stable patients with both RV dysfunction on imaging and elevated cardiac biomarkers. Intermediate low risk PE includes stable patients who are not low risk…

…Risk of falls Symptoms or history suggesting orthostatic hypotension Multimorbidity Polypharmacy and overall therapeutic burden Life expectancy Patient priorities and preferences Patients who are fit…

…patients with low blood pressure secondary to a low cardiac output. Its primary clinical utility in contemporary practice is late line therapy for patients who…

…report approximately 5–10%. Only about 10% of patients who develop shock present with it at hospital admission; approximately 90% deteriorate during hospitalization. Patients who…

…the dose required to achieve the patient’s LDL C goal. Complete intolerance is uncommon. Most patients who report intolerance can ultimately take some form…

…reflex for predicting a poor neurological outcome was 68.8%. This implies that approximately one third of the patients who ultimately had a favorable neurological…

…minutes, hence its designation as the “widow maker.” Patients who survive long enough for clinical evaluation often have some residual antegrade flow, a dynamic thrombus…

…patients who undergo exercise stress testing must achieve at least 85% of the age adjusted MHR. Heller et al. demonstrated the following, among patients with…

…not recommended in most patients with severe cardiovascular disease or in those who are otherwise haemodynamically unstable. The benefit of its administration in these patients…

…for individuals with elevated BP who do not already have a condition conferring sufficiently high cardiovascular risk. They should not be applied as the principal…

…useful for estimating risk. Pathophysiology and genetic principles Penetrance and variable expression A pathogenic variant does not invariably result in clinical disease. Penetrance is incomplete…

…of a risk factor depends not only on the relative risk associated with exposure but also on how common the exposure is. Consequently, a modest…

…the objective is not merely to reduce cigarette consumption but to achieve complete abstinence from tobacco and ultimately from nicotine. Smoking is a major modifiable…

…Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction). Patients with NSTE ACS who do not develop infarction are classified as unstable angina (UA), which is an imminent precursor…

…is now applied to patients with a baseline LVEF ≤40% who have experienced a ≥10 point increase in LVEF, with a subsequent measurement of 40…

…preferable in patients aged ≥85 years, those with symptomatic orthostatic hypotension, moderate to severe frailty, or very old or frail patients who may not tolerate…

…is not achieved. Addition of a PCSK9 inhibitor when the target remains unmet despite maximally tolerated statin therapy and ezetimibe. For patients with a recurrent…

…masked” PAD in patients who do not exert themselves sufficiently to provoke symptoms. Intermittent claudication Intermittent claudication is exertional discomfort in a limb muscle that…

…CAC is therefore not merely an incidental imaging finding; it can refine the decision to test and may identify patients who require preventive therapy even…

…Patients who have been prescribed sublingual nitroglycerin should be instructed in its appropriate use, although specific dosing instructions are not provided in the source material…

…who develop serious arrhythmias during spontaneous episodes represent a higher risk subgroup. Evaluation and physical examination The cardiac examination is usually normal when the patient…

…Some patients may experience an acute coronary syndrome as the first manifestation of their coronary artery disease. Moreover, patients who have experienced acute coronary events…

…Some patients may experience an acute coronary syndrome as the first manifestation of their coronary artery disease. Moreover, patients who have experienced acute coronary events…

…A ventilated patient who develops total brain infarction An intensive care patient in whom life sustaining treatment is withdrawn and total brain infarction is not…

…A neutropenic patient with a suspected infection and organ dysfunction must therefore be managed as neutropenic sepsis even if the temperature criterion is not met…

…calculator helps identify patients at high risk of SCD who may benefit from preventive interventions, such as ICD implantation. For example: A 5 year SCD…

…CLEAR Outcomes CLEAR Outcomes was a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study of 13,970 patients at high cardiovascular risk who were unable or unwilling…

…observed in patients with elevated TnT levels who had underlying cardiovascular disease, of which 69.4% died. Guo et al also report a significant association…

…dL), and at least a 50% reduction from baseline. For a patient who experiences a recurrent atherothrombotic event while receiving maximally tolerated statin therapy, an…

…phase III studies involving patients with ASCVD or at least one ASCVD risk equivalent who were receiving statins, inclisiran produced a further reduction in LDL…

…stratification in specific populations, such as asymptomatic patients with pre excitation who have high risk occupations or participate in competitive athletics. In the context of…

…and gardening may provide useful activity for individuals who are reluctant to undertake formal exercise. Increasing movement during daily living is a practical initial strategy…

…Evaluation and risk assessment The evaluation of a patient with AF who may require anticoagulation should establish: Whether AF is clinical or device detected subclinical…

…occurs within a minute after cessation of breathing (apnea), regardless of the cause. A person who is not breathing will therefore develop a cardiac arrest…

…The characteristics of the patient, the size and localization of the mass are indicative in diagnostics. A patient who exhibits an ecotdense mass entrenched in…

…Symptoms – Patients with acute myocardial infarction may present with typical ischemic chest pain, or with dyspnea, nausea, unexplained weakness, or a combination of these symptoms…

…baroreceptor] stimulation). It is common to discover SB in healthy young individuals who are not well trained. This is also a normal finding. Abnormal (pathological…

…medical system (EMS), as well as the hospital cardiac arrest team (CAT) and intensive care units and other units caring for resuscitated patients. Figure 1…

…months may be considered in patients who: Have tolerated DAPT without significant bleeding. Have high ischaemic risk. Do not have a high risk of major…