…TOMAHAWK trials studied patients with ROSC who did not display ST segment elevations and randomized them to urgent angiography. These trials did not show any…

…death, and among those who did, only a minority had a reduced value — the majority of sudden cardiac deaths occur in patients with preserved LVEF…

…When did the deterioration begin, suddenly or over several days? Which drugs, and how many doses, has the patient taken? Is the patient on an…

…a patient who has little or no reliable intrinsic rhythm may develop prolonged pauses. Pacing dependent patients therefore require protection against inhibition during the period…

…does not interfere with cytology or HPV testing, but an excess can interfere with microbiological samples. A cervical broom or a spatula plus an endocervical…

…sepsis research) or physiological reasoning. Cardiac arrest care is advanced and should preferably only be conducted in specialized centers. Patients who are not in specialized…

…despite three or more antihypertensive drugs from different classes at maximally tolerated doses, including a diuretic appropriate for kidney function. In patients with an estimated…

…in mL/min , not eGFR relative to 1.73 m². Recalculate in patients who are markedly larger or smaller than average. Higher doses may be…

…BLED score should not be used as a reason to withhold anticoagulation therapy. Instead, it serves as a tool to identify patients who may require…

…than in patients who remain in sinus rhythm. Several mechanisms may account for apparent ischaemic electrocardiographic changes during rapid AF. ST segment depression or T…

…In patients who experience a recurrent atherothrombotic or cardiovascular event within 2 years while receiving maximally tolerated statin based treatment, an LDL C goal below…

…However, digoxin is still used in patients who do not achieve satisfactory effects using first line therapies. Digoxin is also used frequently in the emergency…

…that any heart rate below 50 beats/min is most likely not paced. An intrinsic heart rate faster than the base rate should inhibit the…

…beta blockers actually increase chronotropic competency in patients with heart failure, despite their negative chronotropic effect. Among persons who do not suffer from heart failure…

…syndromes & chest pain patients An ECG must be performed on all patients seeking medical attention due to chest discomfort or other symptoms that may be…

…developing a new event. Administration Ticagrelor can be administered with or without food. For patients who cannot swallow the tablets whole, they can be crushed…

…This approach fails to identify a substantial subset of patients with acute coronary occlusion (ACO) who do not meet the established ECG criteria for STEMI…

…be counteracted with simultaneous administration of norepinephrine. All patients with severe acute heart failure who receive levosimendan should be monitored invasively (e.g. arterial line…

…The incidence is 10–34% among patients with premature ventricular contractions and/or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia who are referred for electrophysiological evaluation (Hasdemir et al…

…as long as the unconsciousness persists. An awake patient who obeys commands after ROSC needs no targeted temperature management, but must still be kept free…

…surgery Relevant patient category 27.5 mm/m 2 Turner syndrome 40 mm • Patients with mutations in TGFBR1, TGFBR2 or Loes Dietz syndrome, who have…

…low risk PE includes stable patients who are not low risk but have either RV dysfunction or elevated biomarkers, or neither of these abnormalities in…

…of falls Symptoms or history suggesting orthostatic hypotension Multimorbidity Polypharmacy and overall therapeutic burden Life expectancy Patient priorities and preferences Patients who are fit and…

…examination of a patient on digoxin therapy should focus on identifying signs of heart failure decompensation, which may indicate inadequate rate control or worsening hemodynamics…

…Only about 10% of patients who develop shock present with it at hospital admission; approximately 90% deteriorate during hospitalization. Patients who develop shock often have…

…patients, may have higher statin blood levels; lower starting doses are therefore appropriate. Drug interactions are particularly important. Inhibition of cytochrome P 450 3A4 or…

…and ongoing evaluations of patients in cardiac arrest or after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). A brisk, reactive pupil generally indicates an intact brainstem and…

…the “widow maker.” Patients who survive long enough for clinical evaluation often have some residual antegrade flow, a dynamic thrombus, or collateral circulation that limits…

…patients who undergo exercise stress testing must achieve at least 85% of the age adjusted MHR. Heller et al. demonstrated the following, among patients with…

…not recommended in most patients with severe cardiovascular disease or in those who are otherwise haemodynamically unstable. The benefit of its administration in these patients…

…healthy people or for individuals with elevated BP who do not already have a condition conferring sufficiently high cardiovascular risk. They should not be applied…

…less likely in an older patient with non classical features. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) has a substantially more diverse genetic basis. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants…

…cardiovascular risk factors. Primary prevention Primary prevention targets people without clinical CVD who nevertheless have established risk factors or an elevated estimated risk. It combines…

…Patients with acute coronary syndrome should be offered cessation support during hospitalization. Depression and adverse environmental exposures are associated with continued or resumed smoking after…

…Infarction). Patients with NSTE ACS who do not develop infarction are classified as unstable angina (UA), which is an imminent precursor to myocardial infarction. NSTEMI…

…Failure with improved Ejection Fraction" (HFimpEF) is now applied to patients with a baseline LVEF ≤40% who have experienced a ≥10 point increase in LVEF…

…preferable in patients aged ≥85 years, those with symptomatic orthostatic hypotension, moderate to severe frailty, or very old or frail patients who may not tolerate…

…specified by the guideline. PCSK9 inhibitors are also relevant in statin intolerant patients who remain above goal despite alternative lipid lowering therapy. Evolocumab and alirocumab…

…status and walking capacity, because these may reveal “masked” PAD in patients who do not exert themselves sufficiently to provoke symptoms. Intermittent claudication Intermittent claudication…

…CAC is therefore not merely an incidental imaging finding; it can refine the decision to test and may identify patients who require preventive therapy even…

…self presenting to an emergency department or contacting primary care first. If ischaemic discomfort persists, emergency medical services should be called. Patients who have been…

…In patients with CAD, endothelial disruption may convert normal vasodilator responses to vasoconstriction; however, endothelial dysfunction alone is not sufficient, and an additional trigger is…

…Some patients may experience an acute coronary syndrome as the first manifestation of their coronary artery disease. Moreover, patients who have experienced acute coronary events…

…Some patients may experience an acute coronary syndrome as the first manifestation of their coronary artery disease. Moreover, patients who have experienced acute coronary events…

…ventilated patient who develops total brain infarction An intensive care patient in whom life sustaining treatment is withdrawn and total brain infarction is not expected…

…neutropenic patient who is clinically unwell must be managed as an emergency even at a lower temperature. Suspect neutropenia in anyone who has received cytotoxic…

…a patient's condition over time. For instance, an increase in left atrial size or the development of NSVT may warrant closer surveillance or a…

…double blind, placebo controlled study of 13,970 patients at high cardiovascular risk who were unable or unwilling to take statins. Approximately 70% were in…

…believe that patients with heart failure are at increased risk of decompensation if infected with COVID 19. Moreover, there may also be an increased risk…

…For a patient who experiences a recurrent atherothrombotic event while receiving maximally tolerated statin therapy, an LDL C goal below 1.0 mmol/L (<40…

…several European countries as an adjunct to diet and maximally tolerated statin therapy in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia or ASCVD who require further LDL…

…infrahisian block should be maintained, particularly in older patients and those exhibiting a bundle branch block (BBB) or an intraventricular conduction defect. In severe cases…

…using the components of: Frequency Intensity Time or duration Type Progression The prescription should be individualized rather than based solely on an age based target…

…and risk assessment The evaluation of a patient with AF who may require anticoagulation should establish: Whether AF is clinical or device detected subclinical AF…

…apnea), regardless of the cause. A person who is not breathing will therefore develop a cardiac arrest. During the first minute after a cardiac arrest…

…The characteristics of the patient, the size and localization of the mass are indicative in diagnostics. A patient who exhibits an ecotdense mass entrenched in…

…or a combination of these symptoms. The diagnosis requires elevated levels of cardiac troponins. In addition to elevated troponins, the patient must display either symptoms…

…carotid sinus [baroreceptor] stimulation). It is common to discover SB in healthy young individuals who are not well trained. This is also a normal finding…

…EMS (in OHCA) or cardiac arrest team (in IHCA). There are no risks in instructing a layperson to perform chest compressions on an unconscious individual…

…considered in patients who: Have tolerated DAPT without significant bleeding. Have high ischaemic risk. Do not have a high risk of major or life threatening…