…TOMAHAWK trials studied patients with ROSC who did not display ST segment elevations and randomized them to urgent angiography. These trials did not show any…

…death, and among those who did, only a minority had a reduced value — the majority of sudden cardiac deaths occur in patients with preserved LVEF…

…the silent one. A patient who has become calm, quiet in the chest and stopped struggling may be about to stop breathing. Diminishing wheeze means…

…with bipolar electrocautery performed away from the device and with monopolar electrocautery below the umbilicus. Nevertheless, perioperative planning should be individualized according to the patient…

…refrain from investigating postmenopausal bleeding or a visible cervical lesion. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications, but refrain or adapt in: The patient does not…

…conducted in specialized centers. Patients who are not in specialized cardiac arrest centers should, if feasible, be transferred to such centers. Post cardiac arrest syndrome…

…a distinct disease. It identifies patients whose blood pressure remains uncontrolled despite intensive antihypertensive treatment and who therefore require assessment for pseudo resistance, secondary hypertension…

…in mL/min , not eGFR relative to 1.73 m². Recalculate in patients who are markedly larger or smaller than average. Higher doses may be…

…BLED score should not be used as a reason to withhold anticoagulation therapy. Instead, it serves as a tool to identify patients who may require…

…or resulted from it. AF has important consequences beyond the arrhythmia itself. It may cause symptoms and impaired quality of life, contribute to heart failure…

… and A reduction of at least 50% from baseline. In patients who experience a recurrent atherothrombotic or cardiovascular event within 2 years while receiving maximally…

…used in patients who do not achieve satisfactory effects using first line therapies. Digoxin is also used frequently in the emergency setting to control ventricular…

…tracings continuously to cloud based platforms, which enables the clinician to examine intracardiac ECGs at any time. However, most clinicians who encounter patients with pacemakers…

…beta blockers actually increase chronotropic competency in patients with heart failure, despite their negative chronotropic effect. Among persons who do not suffer from heart failure…

…factors varies from one minute to another, which may cause variations in the size of the thrombus. This means that a patient who experienced chest…

…Dosage: Prior Myocardial Infarction Ticagrelor 60 mg twice daily is the recommended dose for extended treatment for patients who had a heart attack at least…

…fails to identify a substantial subset of patients with acute coronary occlusion (ACO) who do not meet the established ECG criteria for STEMI, leading to…

…be counteracted with simultaneous administration of norepinephrine. All patients with severe acute heart failure who receive levosimendan should be monitored invasively (e.g. arterial line…

…The incidence is 10–34% among patients with premature ventricular contractions and/or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia who are referred for electrophysiological evaluation (Hasdemir et al…

…hypothermia from another cause — warm the patient instead. Refractory shock in which the bradycardia and reduced contractility of hypothermia are not tolerated. A decision to…

…mm. Limitations Formulas assume normal body habitus Ethnic variations may require adjusted thresholds Always correlate with imaging measurements Not valid for pediatric patients <15 years

…haemodynamically stable patients with both RV dysfunction on imaging and elevated cardiac biomarkers. Intermediate low risk PE includes stable patients who are not low risk…

…burden Life expectancy Patient priorities and preferences Patients who are fit and independent generally benefit from guideline directed blood pressure treatment similar to that used…

…patients with low blood pressure secondary to a low cardiac output. Its primary clinical utility in contemporary practice is late line therapy for patients who…

…results from abrupt reduction in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery. Plaque erosion or rupture exposes thrombogenic material to…

…intolerance: inability to tolerate the dose required to achieve the patient’s LDL C goal. Complete intolerance is uncommon. Most patients who report intolerance can…

…Notably, 31.2% of patients discharged with intact neurological function were observed to lack a pupillary reflex upon their initial presentation. An absent pupillary reflex…

…early due to the massive ischemia. Complete LMCA occlusion is typically fatal within minutes, hence its designation as the “widow maker.” Patients who survive long…

…heart rate (MHR) is sufficient to provoke overt ischemic signs during stress testing (Bourque et al.). Thus, patients who undergo exercise stress testing must achieve…

…of its administration in these patients should be carefully balanced against the potential risks resulting from hypotension. • Withdrawal of clonidine may lead to rebound hypertension…

…aged 40–69 years SCORE2 is recommended for adults aged 40–69 years with elevated BP who do not already have increased cardiovascular risk beca

…Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease…

…likely to benefit from preventive drug therapy. Secondary prevention Although outside the principal scope of primary prevention, secondary prevention provides an important contrast. Patients with…

…the objective is not merely to reduce cigarette consumption but to achieve complete abstinence from tobacco and ultimately from nicotine. Smoking is a major modifiable…

…Infarction). Patients with NSTE ACS who do not develop infarction are classified as unstable angina (UA), which is an imminent precursor to myocardial infarction. NSTEMI…

…Failure with improved Ejection Fraction" (HFimpEF) is now applied to patients with a baseline LVEF ≤40% who have experienced a ≥10 point increase in LVEF…

…preferable in patients aged ≥85 years, those with symptomatic orthostatic hypotension, moderate to severe frailty, or very old or frail patients who may not tolerate…

…specified by the guideline. PCSK9 inhibitors are also relevant in statin intolerant patients who remain above goal despite alternative lipid lowering therapy. Evolocumab and alirocumab…

…status and walking capacity, because these may reveal “masked” PAD in patients who do not exert themselves sufficiently to provoke symptoms. Intermittent claudication Intermittent claudication…

…CAC is therefore not merely an incidental imaging finding; it can refine the decision to test and may identify patients who require preventive therapy even…

…Patients who have been prescribed sublingual nitroglycerin should be instructed in its appropriate use, although specific dosing instructions are not provided in the source material…

…and serotonin. In patients with CAD, endothelial disruption may convert normal vasodilator responses to vasoconstriction; however, endothelial dysfunction alone is not sufficient, and an additional…

…will extend from the endocardium to the epicardium in the affected myocardial region, which results in ST elevations on the ECG. Virtually all patients with…

…will extend from the endocardium to the epicardium in the affected myocardial region, which results in ST elevations on the ECG. Virtually all patients with…

…patient who develops total brain infarction An intensive care patient in whom life sustaining treatment is withdrawn and total brain infarction is not expected to…

…tests from the suspected focus, but avoid sampling that delays antibiotics 6 Take a targeted history and examine the patient, with particular attention to the…

…of myocardial fibrosis). Risk stratification The calculator helps identify patients at high risk of SCD who may benefit from preventive interventions, such as ICD implantation…

…double blind, placebo controlled study of 13,970 patients at high cardiovascular risk who were unable or unwilling to take statins. Approximately 70% were in…

…et al, it is also reasonable to believe that patients with heart failure are at increased risk of decompensation if infected with COVID 19. Moreover…

…dL), and at least a 50% reduction from baseline. For a patient who experiences a recurrent atherothrombotic event while receiving maximally tolerated statin therapy, an…

…is required. Combination therapy should be selected according to the magnitude of additional LDL C lowering needed and the patient’s prior treatment. Inclisiran is…

…stratification in specific populations, such as asymptomatic patients with pre excitation who have high risk occupations or participate in competitive athletics. In the context of…

…Balance exercises Flexibility exercises Walking, yoga and gardening may provide useful activity for individuals who are reluctant to undertake formal exercise. Increasing movement during daily…

…Evaluation and risk assessment The evaluation of a patient with AF who may require anticoagulation should establish: Whether AF is clinical or device detected subclinical…

…apnea), regardless of the cause. A person who is not breathing will therefore develop a cardiac arrest. During the first minute after a cardiac arrest…

…the remaining ones are malignant. • Secondary cardiac tumours have spread to the heart by metastasis or invasion from surrounding tissue. Differential Diagnostics There are several…

…Most patients, however, display both ECG changes and symptoms. Troponins and other biomarkers of myocardial necrosis (infarction) Myocardium can endure 20 to 30 minutes of…

…carotid sinus [baroreceptor] stimulation). It is common to discover SB in healthy young individuals who are not well trained. This is also a normal finding…

…all components of the chain must function and interact flawlessly to maximize survival. Figure 2. Data from the Swedish Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Registry Annual Report (2023…

…12 months may be considered in patients who: Have tolerated DAPT without significant bleeding. Have high ischaemic risk. Do not have a high risk of…