…EMI causes oversensing and pacing inhibition, a patient who has little or no reliable intrinsic rhythm may develop prolonged pauses. Pacing dependent patients therefore require…

…2025/2026 and are given for absolute eGFR in mL/min , not eGFR relative to 1.73 m². Recalculate in patients who are markedly larger…

…the absolute majority. The CCU may be suitable for stable (hemodynamically and respiratory) and fully conscious patients who experienced a brief cardiac arrest. Post resuscitation…

…angiography with the intent of performing PCI. The COACT, PEARL and TOMAHAWK trials studied patients with ROSC who did not display ST segment elevations and…

…the ages of 64 and 70 depending on when the previous one was taken. A woman who has only been screened with cytology should be…

…the patient, the size and localization of the mass are indicative in diagnostics. A patient who exhibits an ecotdense mass entrenched in the endocardium with…

…who encounter patients with pacemakers only have access to conventional surface ECGs. Being able to assess pacemaker function and perform troubleshooting should be considered a…

…is a widely recognized and validated tool used to assess the one year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who are…

…L). Non statin treatment for patients who are statin intolerant. Possible concurrent initiation of ezetimibe with maximally tolerated statin therapy during ACS hospitalization. European recommendations…

…more comorbidities and a higher risk of complications than patients without AF; both short and long term prognosis are worse than in patients who remain…

…the patients who ultimately had a favorable neurological recovery exhibited an abnormal pupillary reflex upon initial examination. Notably, 31.2% of patients discharged with intact…

…hypertension is a clinical indicator rather than a distinct disease. It identifies patients whose blood pressure remains uncontrolled despite intensive antihypertensive treatment and who therefore…

…it is fundamentally important that the patient performs maximally. Only two variables are needed to determine whether chronotropic incompetence exists, namely age and heart rate…

…that a patient who experienced chest pain at home may be asymptomatic during the assessment in the ER, only to develop severe chest pain and…

…who are fit and independent generally benefit from guideline directed blood pressure treatment similar to that used in younger adults, provided it is tolerated. Patients…

…or treatment with another adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor inhibitor for patients who had coronary syndrome and are at high risk of developing a new event…

…morbidity and mortality benefits, digoxin has been ousted repeatedly from the standard of care for these conditions. However, digoxin is still used in patients who…

…The incidence is 10–34% among patients with premature ventricular contractions and/or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia who are referred for electrophysiological evaluation (Hasdemir et al…

…apply SCORE2 and SCORE2 OP are intended for apparently healthy people or for individuals with elevated BP who do not already have a condition conferring…

…outcome events occurred in 49% of patients in the milrinone group and 54% in the dobutamine group, with a relative risk of 0.90 (95…

…aortic features 45 mm • Patients who are undergoing aortic valve surgery • Patients with Marfan syndrome who have additional risk factors • Patients with mutations in TGFBR1…

…in haemodynamically stable patients with both RV dysfunction on imaging and elevated cardiac biomarkers. Intermediate low risk PE includes stable patients who are not low…

…in most patients with severe cardiovascular disease or in those who are otherwise haemodynamically unstable. The benefit of its administration in these patients should be…

…stunning (akinesia) and electrical instability. Fewer than 1% of patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who reach the catheterization laboratory are found to have…

…patients who undergo exercise stress testing must achieve at least 85% of the age adjusted MHR. Heller et al. demonstrated the following, among patients with…

…is based on presumed consent : a person who has not expressed opposition is presumed to have consented to donation. The person's wishes are established…

…HCM is predominantly associated with variants affecting sarcomeric proteins, particularly MYH7 and MYBPC3. Approximately 40–60% of tested patients have a single variant identified as…

…more intensively on people with elevated risk. These approaches are not alternatives: both are required to reduce the overall cardiovascular burden. Pathophysiological and Epidemiological Basis…

…and clinical experience. Studies have demonstrated that a significant proportion of patients with acute coronary occlusion (ACO) do not exhibit classic ST segment elevation on…

…Patients with NSTE ACS who do not develop infarction are classified as unstable angina (UA), which is an imminent precursor to myocardial infarction. NSTEMI and…

…sustaining treatment. Preparation and equipment Continuous core temperature measurement. An oesophageal probe or a urinary catheter with a temperature sensor are the first choice; rectal…

…threatening tachyarrhythmias. Evaluation and Physical Examination Physical examination of a patient on digoxin therapy should focus on identifying signs of heart failure decompensation, which may…

…Addition of a PCSK9 inhibitor when the target remains unmet despite maximally tolerated statin therapy and ezetimibe. For patients with a recurrent atherothrombotic event while…

…Tissue loss, ulcers and gangrene may develop. In patients with CLTI, early recognition and referral to a vascular team are essential for limb salvage. Acu

…with several patient and treatment related factors: Age older than 80 years Female sex Low body mass index Asian ancestry Previous muscle disease or a…

…groups and ethnic minority communities. Late presentation is clinically important: Within 12 hours of symptom onset: reperfusion therapy is recommended for all patients with a…

…thrombus formation and sympathetic activation. Rho kinase may increase vascular smooth muscle sensitivity to calcium by inhibiting myosin phosphatase activity. Patients with VA are generally…

…to connect a defibrillator or AED and defibrillate. Watanabe et al studied 132 patients who unexpectedly experienced sudden cardiac arrest while being monitored with Holter…

…which results in ST elevations on the ECG. Virtually all patients with STE ACS exhibit elevated troponin levels, and are thereby diagnosed as ST elevation…

…toward them. A permanent pacemaker is generally indicated when reversible causes are absent and the patient is symptomatic or at risk of developing symptoms. The…

…which results in ST elevations on the ECG. Virtually all patients with STE ACS exhibit elevated troponin levels, and are thereby diagnosed as ST elevation…

…neutropenic fever is limited, but delayed antibiotics are associated with a worse outcome in sepsis and in several studies of neutropenic patients. In septic shock…

…China and Italy (1–5). Two recent studies published in JAMA Cardiology are summarized below. Shi et al present data on 416 patients hospitalized with…

…Patients with acute coronary syndrome should be offered cessation support during hospitalization. Depression and adverse environmental exposures are associated with continued or resumed smoking after…

…CPR in patients with refractory out of hospital cardiac arrest. Patients aged 18 to 70, who received bystander CPR and initially presented with a ventricular…

…guidelines recommend a 3 generation family history and consideration of genetic testing for all patients with non ischemic HFrEF. Toxic and infiltrative causes are increasingly…

…all patients with acute myocardial infarction the prevalence of right and left bundle branch block on arrival ECG is 6% and 7%, respectively. A proportion…

…and alert the EMS (in OHCA) or cardiac arrest team (in IHCA). There are no risks in instructing a layperson to perform chest compressions on…

…In patients with a confirmed indication for treatment but blood pressure in the range of 120–139/70–89 mmHg, concomitant indications and overall cardiovascular…

…at a low level and progress slowly. Exercise Intensity Intensity may be prescribed using several complementary approaches. Heart rate based methods For patients with cardiovascular…

…prediction algorithms are preferred over older approaches based solely on age, sex and typicality of symptoms. These newer models improve identification of patients with very…

…are investigated before starting. A referral or notification to the anticoagulation clinic, and a decision on who will dose during the first week. Written patient…

…SCD in patients with HCM. What is the HCM Risk Calculator? The HCM Risk Calculator is based on the HCM Risk SCD formula , a validated…

…death, and among those who did, only a minority had a reduced value — the majority of sudden cardiac deaths occur in patients with preserved LVEF…

…dL), and at least a 50% reduction from baseline. For a patient who experiences a recurrent atherothrombotic event while receiving maximally tolerated statin therapy, an…

…on triglycerides and lipoprotein(a) are variable or modest. In phase III studies involving patients with ASCVD or at least one ASCVD risk equivalent who…

…isoproterenol and/or procainamide. EPS with isoproterenol is also recommended for risk stratification in specific populations, such as asymptomatic patients with pre excitation who have…

…when a premenopausal value was borderline, because levels may increase during this period. Cascade testing of parents, siblings, and children can identify relatives with high…

…patients with chest discomfort who display ST segment depressions in leads V1–V3 are likely have posterior transmural ischemia and should be managed as STE…

…with electrical cardioversion preferred. Evaluation and risk assessment The evaluation of a patient with AF who may require anticoagulation should establish: Whether AF is clinical…