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Refractory Angina: Options When Standard Therapy Fails

…Symptoms may remain present daily or weekly despite multiple antianginal agents and prior revascularization procedures. In many patients, the burden is sufficiently severe to limit…

Spirometry

…a bronchodilator with a spacer, and current reference values (GLI 2012 is the standard). Patient preparation — given with the appointment letter: Drug or habit Period…

Short and long-term prognostication in cardiac arrest

…regardless of etiology, if the initial rhythm is asystole or PEA. Most current protocols for ECMO exclude patients presenting with asystole or PEA. Duration of…

A new ECG biomarker for sudden cardiac death

…the majority of sudden cardiac deaths occur in patients with preserved LVEF, for whom no practical risk prediction tool currently exists. At the other end…

Incretins in Cardiometabolic Medicine: Leveraging GLP-1, GIP, and Glucagon Receptor Agonism for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction

…3 For patients with a BMI below 35 kg/m², direct assessments such as waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, or dual X ray absorptiometry…

Inpatient insulin therapy: quick reference

…Hypoglycaemia on the ward is more dangerous than moderate hyperglycaemia over a few days. Principles Insulin component Function Who needs it : : : Basal insulin (intermediate or…

Diagnostic Criteria for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Cardiac troponins, ECG & Symptoms

…Symptoms – Patients with acute myocardial infarction may present with typical ischemic chest pain, or with dyspnea, nausea, unexplained weakness, or a combination of these symptoms…

Cardiac arrest in intoxication (poisoning)

…lavage if gastrointestinal perforation or obstruction is suspected. If the patient is intubated, administer activated charcoal through a gastric tube at a dose of 0…

🟠 Calculate CHADS-VASc Score and evaluate indication for anticoagulation

…9 As above. Very high Oral anticoagulation (warfarin or NOAC) is recommended for all female patients with a score of 3 or more. Very high…

Assessing left ventricular systolic function

…the patient's sex, weight and height. CI = CO / BSA BSA = Body Surface Area (m 2 ) Ejection fraction (EF) Ejection fraction is the…

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