…novel potentially life threatening cardiac arrhythmia syndrome identified with ECG The ECG may be used to diagnose several cardiac genetic disorders, such as Brugada syndrome…

…Myocarditis and takotsubo syndrome can produce myocardial injury and troponin elevation but are non ischaemic mimics rather than MINOCA when identified as the final diagnosis…

…regarded as a discrete disease; rather, it is an indicator of increased cardiovascular risk and a setting in which secondary hypertension is relatively common. Patients…

…renal failure, and heart failure have been identified as important risk factors. Severe atherosclerosis of the axillary or subclavian arteries may increase the risk of…

…haemodynamic instability — stabilise the patient first. Marked septal deviation towards the bleeding side (relative). Preparation and equipment Personal protective equipment (gloves, a visor, an apron)…

…presentation fits an exacerbation A COPD exacerbation is an acute or subacute worsening of dyspnoea, cough and sputum in particular that exceeds the patient's…

…coronary calcification. CAC therefore functions primarily as an imaging biomarker of coronary atherosclerotic burden rather than as a direct measure of luminal obstruction. Calcified plaque…

…LVEF reliably identifies a high risk group that derives a large, trial proven survival benefit from primary prevention ICDs. Its dominance, though, owes as much…

…an adult with bridging and a substantial proximal atherosclerotic burden should be considered and treated in the same broad category as a patient with coronary…

…and identified during angiography performed for another indication. When clinically significant, it may present with chronic angina, an anginal equivalent or exertional dyspnoea. Patients may…