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Hyponatraemia: quick reference for work-up and correction

…stroke, meningitis and a postictal state. 3. Check a repeat plasma sodium if the result is unexpected or does not fit the clinical picture. 4…

Paracentesis

…does not predict bleeding risk in paracentesis. Follow the local protocol Ileus with distended bowel loops Ultrasound guidance mandatory; choose another site Scars, hernia or…

Opioid therapy in severe pain

…not to increase the dose. Contraindications Ongoing respiratory depression, or untreated severe respiratory failure without the possibility of monitoring. Paralytic ileus and suspected obstructive ileus…

Atrial fibrillation: quick reference for emergency management

…and does the patient need an anticoagulant? The unstable patient Immediate electrical cardioversion, without delay, in any of the following: A systolic blood pressure <…

Acute severe asthma in adults: quick reference

…A patient does not have to meet every criterion in a column. Clinical deterioration or a poor response to treatment carries more weight than a…

Sinoatrial arrest & sinoatrial pause (sinus pause / arrest)

…of sinoatrial arrest/pause Sinus arrest/pause due to increased vagal tone does not necessitate treatment but it might be wise to observe the patient…

Anaphylaxis: quick reference for emergency management

…cause life threatening compromise of the airway, breathing or circulation. Skin symptoms may be absent, and circulatory shock does not have to be present for…

Blood gas interpretation: quick reference for acid-base disorders

…gap or delta ratio 6 Does the result fit the patient? If not, check the sample type, supplemental oxygen, sampling technique, air bubbles and analytical…

Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring: Prognostic Use in Practice

…plaque and can assess stenosis. A major limitation is that CAC does not measure total plaque burden or stenosis severity directly. A patient may have…

Exercise Electrocardiographic Testing: Indications, Limitations and Interpretation

…Prognostic and risk stratification information Assessment of response to selected medical, revascularization, rehabilitation, ablative or surgical interventions The test does not define the structure or…

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