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Cardiac arrest due to hypoxia and asphyxia

…pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia The natural course of asphyxia Should ventilation be entirely inhibited (as seen…

Capnography (end-tidal carbon dioxide measurement, ETCO2) during cardiac arrest

…Alveolar Plateau) : ETCO 2 is the recorded CO 2 partial pressure just before the next inspiration. Phase 0 : Indicates the beginning of the next inspiration…

Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) & Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)

…without significant ST segment elevations on ECG. NSTE ACS is caused by partial occlusion of the artery (i.e. coronary blood flow is not completely…

Nail procedures — paronychia, ingrown toenail and subungual haematoma

…tourniquet: a Penrose drain with artery forceps, or the cut off finger of a sterile glove rolled down. A nail splitter or strong pointed scissors…

Statin Intolerance and Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms

…divided clinically into: Complete intolerance: inability to tolerate any dose of any statin. Partial intolerance: inability to tolerate the dose required to achieve the patient…

NSTEMI (Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) & Unstable Angina: Diagnosis, Criteria, ECG, Management

…in a reduction of coronary blood flow and this causes subendocardial ischemia (i.e ischemia that only affects the subendocardium). STEMI, on the other hand…

Anticoagulants: quick reference for dosing, renal adjustment and reversal

…the bleeding risk of the procedure and by renal function. In markedly reduced renal function (dabigatran at eGFR <30 mL/min, the other DOACs at…

Urinary catheterisation

…impairment or a large residual volume. A need for accurate measurement of urine output in a critically ill patient. Perioperatively and postoperatively in longer procedures…

Post-Infarction Mechanical Complications: Ventricular Septal, Free-Wall, and Papillary Muscle Rupture

…Cardiogenic shock. Complete transection of a papillary muscle may cause immediately overwhelming MR. Partial rupture, often involving the tip or head of the muscle, more…

Assessment of the pupillary reflex in cardiac arrest

…result, pupils often dilate widely within 30–120 seconds of cardiac arrest and light reactivity is lost when cerebral blood flow ceases. In other words…

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