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Cardiac arrest due to hypoxia and asphyxia

…reduced partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. Asphyxia is characterized by insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia. Etiologies of hypoxic cardiac arrest : Trauma and injuries…

Capnography (end-tidal carbon dioxide measurement, ETCO2) during cardiac arrest

…and perfusion . Carbon dioxide, a byproduct of aerobic metabolism, is transported from the tissues back to the lungs where it is exhaled. The final partial…

Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) & Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)

…by partial occlusion of the artery (i.e. coronary blood flow is not completely obstructed). NSTE ACS typically presents with ST segment depressions and/or…

Nail procedures — paronychia, ingrown toenail and subungual haematoma

…tourniquet: a Penrose drain with artery forceps, or the cut off finger of a sterile glove rolled down. A nail splitter or strong pointed scissors…

Statin Intolerance and Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms

…divided clinically into: Complete intolerance: inability to tolerate any dose of any statin. Partial intolerance: inability to tolerate the dose required to achieve the patient…

NSTEMI (Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) & Unstable Angina: Diagnosis, Criteria, ECG, Management

…due to partial (incomplete) coronary artery occlusions , which implies that there remains residual blood flow in the artery. Moreover, management of NSTEMI and unstable angina…

Anticoagulants: quick reference for dosing, renal adjustment and reversal

…the bleeding risk of the procedure and by renal function. In markedly reduced renal function (dabigatran at eGFR <30 mL/min, the other DOACs at…

Urinary catheterisation

…catheter is not easier to pass. With a difficult passage it is the shape of the tip and the technique that matter, not the calibre…

Post-Infarction Mechanical Complications: Ventricular Septal, Free-Wall, and Papillary Muscle Rupture

…approximately 1–2% without reperfusion to about 0.2% in the reperfusion era. Clinical presentation and symptoms A new episode of hypotension, recurrent chest pain…

Assessment of the pupillary reflex in cardiac arrest

…result, pupils often dilate widely within 30–120 seconds of cardiac arrest and light reactivity is lost when cerebral blood flow ceases. In other words…

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