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Cardiac arrest due to hypoxia and asphyxia

…of hypoxic cardiac arrest : Trauma and injuries : Direct trauma can cause airway injuries, resulting in obstruction. Central nervous system (CNS) injuries might cause apnea or…

Capnography (end-tidal carbon dioxide measurement, ETCO2) during cardiac arrest

…2 partial pressure just before the next inspiration. Phase 0 : Indicates the beginning of the next inspiration. Normal ETCO 2 : 38 mmHg (5 kPa) or…

Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) & Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)

…by partial occlusion of the artery (i.e. coronary blood flow is not completely obstructed). NSTE ACS typically presents with ST segment depressions and/or…

Nail procedures — paronychia, ingrown toenail and subungual haematoma

…cotton wisp Ingrown nail with moderate inflammation Splinting with a strip of suture material or a drain Ingrown nail, severe or recurrent Partial nail avulsion…

Statin Intolerance and Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms

…or resolve after reducing the dose or stopping therapy. It is divided clinically into: Complete intolerance: inability to tolerate any dose of any statin. Partial…

NSTEMI (Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) & Unstable Angina: Diagnosis, Criteria, ECG, Management

…complete coronary artery occlusion, which results in the complete stop of blood flow and thus more extensive myocardial ischemia (referred to as transmural ischemia). Yet…

Anticoagulants: quick reference for dosing, renal adjustment and reversal

… check more frequently. Warfarin is often preferable <15 or dialysis DOACs are not recommended. Warfarin after individual assessment Rule of thumb for the monitoring interval…

Urinary catheterisation

…Instillation therapy and contrast studies of the urinary tract. Wound healing with a sacral pressure sore or extensive perineal wounds where urinary leakage prevents healing…

Post-Infarction Mechanical Complications: Ventricular Septal, Free-Wall, and Papillary Muscle Rupture

…Complete transection of a papillary muscle may cause immediately overwhelming MR. Partial rupture, often involving the tip or head of the muscle, more commonly produces…

Assessment of the pupillary reflex in cardiac arrest

…if some blood flow is maintained (for example, high quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation or partial ROSC), the midbrain may receive enough oxygen to preserve some pupillary…

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