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Cardiac arrest due to hypoxia and asphyxia

CPR Hypoxia and asphyxiation Hypoxia refers to a reduced partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. Asphyxia is characterized by insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia…

Capnography (end-tidal carbon dioxide measurement, ETCO2) during cardiac arrest

…2 ) in the respiratory system. ETCO 2 is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) at the end of expiration. It provides an integrated…

Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) & Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)

…Such a thrombus can cause occlusion of the artery. The occlusion may be complete or partial, depending on the size of the thrombus and the…

Nail procedures — paronychia, ingrown toenail and subungual haematoma

…a strip of suture material or a drain Ingrown nail, severe or recurrent Partial nail avulsion, often with chemical matrix ablation A nail spicule that…

Statin Intolerance and Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms

…any dose of any statin. Partial intolerance: inability to tolerate the dose required to achieve the patient’s LDL C goal. Complete intolerance is uncommon…

NSTEMI (Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) & Unstable Angina: Diagnosis, Criteria, ECG, Management

…in patients with STEMI, those with NSTEMI and unstable angina are at considerable risk of developing life threatening ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation) and…

Anticoagulants: quick reference for dosing, renal adjustment and reversal

…Drug Standard dose Reduced dose and criterion : : : Apixaban 5 mg twice daily 2.5 mg twice daily if at least two of: age ≥80 years…

Urinary catheterisation

…or as a substitute for mobilisation and bladder training. Contraindications Type Condition : : Absolute Suspected urethral injury — blood at the meatus, a perineal or scrotal haematoma…

Post-Infarction Mechanical Complications: Ventricular Septal, Free-Wall, and Papillary Muscle Rupture

…a dissecting haematoma may precede rupture. The tear commonly develops at the interface between infarcted and viable myocardium. The incidence has fallen substantially with contemporary…

Assessment of the pupillary reflex in cardiac arrest

…arrest cases, the correlation between the initial pupillary reflex (observed upon emergency department arrival) and the neurological status assessed at 30 days was evaluated. The…

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