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Cardiac arrest due to hypoxia and asphyxia

CPR Hypoxia and asphyxiation Hypoxia refers to a reduced partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. Asphyxia is characterized by insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia…

Capnography (end-tidal carbon dioxide measurement, ETCO2) during cardiac arrest

…2 ) in the respiratory system. ETCO 2 is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) at the end of expiration. It provides an integrated…

Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) & Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)

…Such a thrombus can cause occlusion of the artery. The occlusion may be complete or partial, depending on the size of the thrombus and the…

Nail procedures — paronychia, ingrown toenail and subungual haematoma

…a bloodless field one works by feel, and by feel nail spicules are left behind — which is the commonest cause of recurrence. Indications Condition Procedure : …

Statin Intolerance and Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms

…any dose of any statin. Partial intolerance: inability to tolerate the dose required to achieve the patient’s LDL C goal. Complete intolerance is uncommon…

NSTEMI (Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) & Unstable Angina: Diagnosis, Criteria, ECG, Management

…infarction within 30 days if left untreated. Moreover, the pathophysiology of NSTEMI and unstable angina is very similar: both are due to partial (incomplete) coronary…

Anticoagulants: quick reference for dosing, renal adjustment and reversal

…Drug Standard dose Reduced dose and criterion : : : Apixaban 5 mg twice daily 2.5 mg twice daily if at least two of: age ≥80 years…

Urinary catheterisation

…or as a substitute for mobilisation and bladder training. Contraindications Type Condition : : Absolute Suspected urethral injury — blood at the meatus, a perineal or scrotal haematoma…

Post-Infarction Mechanical Complications: Ventricular Septal, Free-Wall, and Papillary Muscle Rupture

…infarction (STEMI). The principal lesions are: Ventricular septal rupture (VSR), producing an acute left to right shunt. Ventricular free wall rupture, producing haemopericardium and cardiac…

Assessment of the pupillary reflex in cardiac arrest

…arrest cases, the correlation between the initial pupillary reflex (observed upon emergency department arrival) and the neurological status assessed at 30 days was evaluated. The…

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