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Cardiac arrest due to hypoxia and asphyxia

CPR Hypoxia and asphyxiation Hypoxia refers to a reduced partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. Asphyxia is characterized by insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia…

Capnography (end-tidal carbon dioxide measurement, ETCO2) during cardiac arrest

…2 ) in the respiratory system. ETCO 2 is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) at the end of expiration. It provides an integrated…

Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) & Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)

…This category includes all acute coronary syndromes without significant ST segment elevations on ECG. NSTE ACS is caused by partial occlusion of the artery (i…

Nail procedures — paronychia, ingrown toenail and subungual haematoma

…same foundation: an effective digital block and a tourniquet . Without a bloodless field one works by feel, and by feel nail spicules are left behind —…

Statin Intolerance and Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms

…any dose of any statin. Partial intolerance: inability to tolerate the dose required to achieve the patient’s LDL C goal. Complete intolerance is uncommon…

NSTEMI (Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) & Unstable Angina: Diagnosis, Criteria, ECG, Management

…Moreover, the pathophysiology of NSTEMI and unstable angina is very similar: both are due to partial (incomplete) coronary artery occlusions , which implies that there remains…

Anticoagulants: quick reference for dosing, renal adjustment and reversal

…dose. Andexanet alfa where available Low molecular weight heparin Protamine has only a partial effect Unfractionated heparin Protamine Antiplatelet agents Platelet transfusion has weak evidence…

Urinary catheterisation

…no urethral catheter may be passed. An attempt can convert a partial rupture into a complete one. Contact the urologist or the surgeon on call…

Post-Infarction Mechanical Complications: Ventricular Septal, Free-Wall, and Papillary Muscle Rupture

…Absence of an adequate collateral circulation. A first or anterior infarction. Single vessel disease without collateral support. Chronic kidney disease, particularly in relation to VSR…

Assessment of the pupillary reflex in cardiac arrest

…arrest without effective perfusion, one expects fixed, dilated pupils. Conversely, if some blood flow is maintained (for example, high quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation or partial ROSC…

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