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Cardiac arrest due to hypoxia and asphyxia

CPR Hypoxia and asphyxiation Hypoxia refers to a reduced partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. Asphyxia is characterized by insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia…

Capnography (end-tidal carbon dioxide measurement, ETCO2) during cardiac arrest

…2 partial pressure just before the next inspiration. Phase 0 : Indicates the beginning of the next inspiration. Normal ETCO 2 : 38 mmHg (5 kPa) or…

Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) & Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)

…Such a thrombus can cause occlusion of the artery. The occlusion may be complete or partial, depending on the size of the thrombus and the…

Nail procedures — paronychia, ingrown toenail and subungual haematoma

…Condition Procedure : : Acute paronychia with fluctuance or visible pus Incision and drainage Acute paronychia without pus formation Antibiotics and soaks alone Ingrown nail with mild…

Statin Intolerance and Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms

…perceived or functional Predominant involvement of large proximal muscle groups Symptoms commonly begin within 4–6 weeks of starting treatment. They generally occur without a…

NSTEMI (Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) & Unstable Angina: Diagnosis, Criteria, ECG, Management

…Moreover, the pathophysiology of NSTEMI and unstable angina is very similar: both are due to partial (incomplete) coronary artery occlusions , which implies that there remains…

Anticoagulants: quick reference for dosing, renal adjustment and reversal

…a DOAC, low molecular weight heparin and an antiplatelet agent without an indication. Interactions: strong P gp or CYP3A4 inhibitors and inducers (azole antifungals, HIV…

Urinary catheterisation

…a sacral pressure sore or extensive perineal wounds where urinary leakage prevents healing. Voiding problems in neurogenic bladder dysfunction, in the first instance with clean…

Post-Infarction Mechanical Complications: Ventricular Septal, Free-Wall, and Papillary Muscle Rupture

…A first or anterior infarction. Single vessel disease without collateral support. Chronic kidney disease, particularly in relation to VSR. Large infarction, especially for septal or…

Assessment of the pupillary reflex in cardiac arrest

…arrest without effective perfusion, one expects fixed, dilated pupils. Conversely, if some blood flow is maintained (for example, high quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation or partial ROSC…

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