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Nail procedures — paronychia, ingrown toenail and subungual haematoma

…disease — a risk of osteomyelitis and poor healing. Check the ankle brachial index and the foot status before any procedure on a toe. Critical ischaemia…

Anticoagulants: quick reference for dosing, renal adjustment and reversal

…creatinine ≥133 µmol/L Rivaroxaban 20 mg once daily with food 15 mg once daily at eGFR 15 49 mL/min Edoxaban 60 mg once…

Cardiac arrest due to hypoxia and asphyxia

CPR Hypoxia and asphyxiation Hypoxia refers to a reduced partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. Asphyxia is characterized by insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia…

Capnography (end-tidal carbon dioxide measurement, ETCO2) during cardiac arrest

…2 ) in the respiratory system. ETCO 2 is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) at the end of expiration. It provides an integrated…

Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) & Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)

…is caused by partial occlusion of the artery (i.e. coronary blood flow is not completely obstructed). NSTE ACS typically presents with ST segment depressions…

Statin Intolerance and Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms

…any dose of any statin. Partial intolerance: inability to tolerate the dose required to achieve the patient’s LDL C goal. Complete intolerance is uncommon…

NSTEMI (Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) & Unstable Angina: Diagnosis, Criteria, ECG, Management

…Angina (UA) The focus of this chapter is the diagnosis and management of patients with Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and unstable angina (UA)…

Urinary catheterisation

…and dangerous in a few. The male urethra is about 25 cm long with two curves and a prostate that can grip; the female urethra…

Post-Infarction Mechanical Complications: Ventricular Septal, Free-Wall, and Papillary Muscle Rupture

…tear commonly develops at the interface between infarcted and viable myocardium. The incidence has fallen substantially with contemporary reperfusion, particularly primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)…

Assessment of the pupillary reflex in cardiac arrest

…predicting an unfavorable neurological outcome, indicating that the test failed to identify 27.8% of individuals with poor neurological recovery. The specificity of absent pupillary…

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