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Coronary Anomalies and Myocardial Bridging

…than an anomalous right coronary artery. Anomalous origin of a coronary artery from the pulmonary artery can result in reduced coronary oxygen content, coronary steal…

Type 2 Myocardial Infarction: Mechanisms and Management

…Type 2 myocardial infarction (MI) is defined as an ischaemic myocardial injury occurring in the context of a mismatch between myocardial oxygen supply and demand…

Cardiac arrest during sepsis

…Moreover, for optimal management in the context of sepsis induced cardiac arrest, consider the following recommendations: Administer 100% oxygen at the maximum flow rate . Hypoxia…

Central venous catheter

…dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation. Repeated blood sampling during intensive care. Exhausted…

Alcohol and Cardiovascular Disease

…fluid ounces of wine containing approximately 12% alcohol, or 1.5 fluid ounces of 40% distilled spirits. Habitual heavy consumption is defined in the source…

Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…The Fourth Universal Definition classifies MI into five distinct subtypes based on pathophysiology and clinical context: Type 1 MI: Caused by atherothrombotic coronary artery disease…

Approach to patients with chest pain: differential diagnoses, management & ECG

…History taking in patients with chest pain (chest discomfort) HISTORY PARAMETER QUESTIONS COMMENTS Risk factors for the 5 serious etiologies Family history (focus on ischemic…

Assessment of the pupillary reflex in cardiac arrest

…finding that reflects brainstem (midbrain) function. In the context of cardiac arrest and the post resuscitation period, assessment of the PLR has long been considered…

Cardiac arrest during pregnancy and childbirth

…neonatologist, and anesthesiologist is essential. Figure 1 . When a pregnant woman is supine, the uterus can exert significant compression on both the inferior vena cava…

Oxygen therapy

…1–6 L/min 24–44 % Comfortable; the patient can eat and talk. Flows above 6 L/min dry the mucosa without delivering more oxygen…

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