…influenza) and other viral respiratory infections. However, in some individuals the infection may be severe and deadly. Importantly, COVID 19 has caused an unprecedented number…

…after a course of chemotherapy, but the timing varies considerably between regimens. Neutropenia can also be caused by haematological malignancy, stem cell transplantation, immunosuppressive drugs…

…heart disease or reduced left ventricular function. Persistent or non persistent ventricular tachycardia or frequent premature ventricular contractions that cause pronounced symptoms and other therapies…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and pathophysiology Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a clinical disorder caused by stenosis or occlusion of the aorta or arteries supplying…

Critical care Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiogenic shock is a state of inadequate tissue and end organ perfusion caused by cardiac insufficiency…

…Medical cause Includes cardiac arrest caused by heart disease, other medical conditions (pulmonary embolism, bleeding, stroke, etc.) as well as cases where the cause does…

…suspicion of pericardial disease, it is important to conduct a careful investigation as several conditions may affect hemodynamics and the underlying cause is often serious…

…disease. What is the evidence? The evidence is vast. Some examples follow. Consider people with the genetic disorder familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), which is caused by…

Emergency medicine Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) comprises a spectrum of clinical presentations caused by suspected acute myocardial ischaemia…

…depression related to fixed disease, together with rest angina and ST segment elevation caused by spasm. The absence of obstructive disease generally indicates a more…

…COPD. Adenosine has caused mild to moderate exacerbation of asthma symptoms. Adenosine should be used with caution in patients with obstructive lung disease or asthma…

…of an underlying disease or substance effect, which may require attention. Therefore, management of sinus tachycardia always requires that each of these causes be assessed…

…other central disease Neurological examination, gait and truncal stability, often MRI Episodic triggered vestibular syndrome Brief attacks, usually lasting seconds, reproducibly triggered by a particular…

…with corroborating evidence of infarction caused by ischaemia, and no obstructive stenosis in a major epicardial coronary artery. Non obstructive disease is generally defined as…

…cause apnea or hypoventilation. Respiratory conditions : Tension pneumothorax Drowning Airway obstruction Hanging Pneumonia High altitude sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other…

…of plaque disease and thrombus vary considerably. Thrombotic material may embolize distally and cause additional myocyte necrosis. Plaque disruption may also be accompanied by haemorrhage…

…This is due to the fact that atrial flutter is caused by a macro re entry circuit (a large re entry circuit) and re entry…

…Concave ST segment elevations, on the other hand, are much less likely to be caused by ischemia ( Figure 1 B ). This is noted in both…

…without delay, in any of the following: A systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg caused by the arrhythmia. Ongoing myocardial ischaemia with chest pain and…

…ischaemia caused by an acute coronary process. Myocardial injury leads to release of cardiac troponin, but troponin elevation is not specific for myocardial infarction. Other…

…Ischaemic heart disease Atrial arrhythmias Pericardial disease, including constriction Right ventricular dysfunction caused by pulmonary embolism Infiltrative cardiomyopathies, particularly cardiac amyloidosis Sepsis and other hyperdynamic…

…is often caused by staphylococcus auerus . This usually affects drug users (intravenous addiction), elderly patients with altered valves, patients with valve prostheses or other cardiac…

…however, symptoms and ECG changes are manifest at rest because of the severe reduction of coronary flow caused by acute atherothrombosis. Table 1: Myocardial and…

…and MYBPC3. Approximately 40–60% of tested patients have a single variant identified as the cause of disease, although the yield varies by cohort. A…

…However, a growing body of science suggests that essential hypertension is a multifactorial disease caused by a complex interplay between genes and environment. Industrialization and…

…clinical restenosis refers to recurrent angina caused by disease in the treated segment. The clinical implications range from asymptomatic angiographic disease to chronic coronary syndrome …

…tachycardia (AVNRT) is caused by a re entry within the atrioventricular node. In most cases, the re entry is induced by a premature atrial beat…

…normal LBBB pattern. LBBB may be caused by ischemia/infarction : There are numerous causes of LBBB, such as heart failure, structural heart disease, fibrosis of…

…atherosclerotic coronary artery. Slowly progressive severe stenoses are less likely to cause STEMI because collateral vessels may develop over time. By contrast, an acute thrombus…

…unit (CCU), regular wards and rehabilitation facilities. Depending on the cause of the arrest, other units may be critical (e.g. trauma unit). Careful and…

…elective PCI. Clinical presentation and symptoms The source material does not describe a distinct symptom complex caused by shortened or de escalated DAPT. The clinical…

…if hypotension is present. • Can be given as a bolus. • Effective if bradycardia is caused by beta blockers. Dopamine Dopamine receptor agonist, α and β…

…of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Theoretically, ICDs could treat 99% of all cardiac arrests caused by ventricular tachyarrhythmias (which are the majority of cases). Yet, only a…

…that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD…

…cardiac arrests caused by chronic or acute ischemic heart disease, it is often not true in other circumstances (e.g. pulmonary embolism, trauma, respiratory causes…

…Moreover, STE ACS is caused by a complete coronary artery occlusion and virtually all these patients will develop myocardial infarction, which is classified as STEMI…

…an arterial line should be considered. The blood pressure must not be dismissed as caused merely by pain or anxiety. These factors can affect the…

…1 month Preparations for exercise stress testing The laboratory and personnel Exercise stress testing may be conducted by physicians, nurses, biomedical analysts, or other professionals…

…of this arrhythmia. As mentioned above VT causes hemodynamic compromise. The rapid ventricular rate, which may be accompanied by already impaired ventricular function, does not…

…progression risk, increased by proteinuria 3a 45–60 mL/min/1.73 m² Cardiovascular disease or other organ damage may be present Moderate progression risk;…

…incomplete apposition, or persistent disease at the inflow or outflow edges. The contemporary incidence of stent thrombosis is approximately 1% during the first year after…

…which causes thromboembolic occlusions of arteries in the brain, limbs or other organs. However, the increased risk in mortality is not completely explained by the…

…Typically, the first manifestation of coronary artery disease is stable angina, defined by exercise related chest pain. Patients with stable angina pectoris may develop acute…

…Typically, the first manifestation of coronary artery disease is stable angina, defined by exercise related chest pain. Patients with stable angina pectoris may develop acute…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Ischemic cardiomyopathy is severe myocardial dysfunction caused by coronary artery disease (CAD). The clinical syndrome may resemble…

…of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre. Indications Brief attacks of vertigo, seconds to a minute or so, that are provoked by…

…induced angina or ischaemia associated with obstructive epicardial coronary disease. Angina or ischaemia caused by epicardial vasomotor dysfunction or microvascular abnormalities without obstructive epicardial disease…

…other vascular disease. A history of myocardial infarction or raised cholesterol among relatives. The presence of tendon xanthomas, corneal arcus and xanthelasma. Potential secondary causes…

…revascularization is that untreated, flow limiting disease may continue to cause ischaemia, recurrent symptoms, myocardial infarction, or other major adverse cardiovascular events. Complete revascularization is…

…elevation accompanied by acute hypertension mediated target organ damage (HMOD). The European definition uses BP ≥180/110 mmHg with acute HMOD, although other guidance emphasizes…

…coronary microvascular disease and vasospasm may coexist with atherosclerosis or may be the dominant cause of ischaemia. Other mechanisms capable of obstructing coronary arteries include…

…The thrombosis causes occlusion of the artery; blood flow may be partially or completely obstructed. Consequently, the myocardium supplied by the occluded artery becomes ischemic…

…lacking; the diagnosis is suspected when alternative etiologies are excluded by diagnostic testing or failed therapeutic trials. If alternative causes of cough are suspected, specific…

…disease and amplifies cardiovascular and all cause mortality. The excess risk is mediated by the combined effects of hyperglycaemia, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking and other…

…different types of dilated cardiomyopathy. Other causes of ventricular dilation ( e.g ischemic cardiomyopathy) must be excluded before establishing a diagnosis of DCM. Patient characteristics…

…opportunity for reperfusion. In addition, some patients present with severe LMCA stenosis exacerbated by other conditions, and these must also be recognized. Prompt identification of…

…to enter the diseased aortic media. Blood then propagates along the wall, creating a true lumen and a false lumen separated by an intimal flap…

…chest pain the primary task is to exclude or verify the following potentially life threatening causes of chest pain: Ischemic heart disease : stable angina pectoris…

…can cause necrosis. Screening in diabetes of 10 years' duration, or in diabetes with age 50 years. Risk assessment in known coronary or cerebrovascular disease…

…biliary cholangitis, drugs Mixed Both raised Drug induced liver injury is the commonest cause Isolated bilirubin Unconjugated, the others normal Gilbert's syndrome, haemolysis The…