…kidney or liver disease, especially when combined with diuretics (risk of fluid retention and impaired kidney function). Patients with bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease…

…heart disease, diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2), obesity, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Moreover, certain other tachyarrhythmias…

…Drowning Airway obstruction Hanging Pneumonia High altitude sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia The…

…be taken at the next regular time. Use with caution in patients with asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Dyspnea has been reported in patients…

…nearly silent chest Very severe airflow obstruction pH below 7.35 with raised pCO₂ Acute or acute on chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure Rapidly falling pH…

…thrombus and other structural features that may not be evident on angiography alone. It is particularly useful when ACS occurs without significant obstructive CAD or…

…available, PET MPI is recommended in individuals with suspected chronic coronary syndrome and a moderate or high pre test likelihood of obstructive coronary artery disease…

…may not be predictably exertional or relieved by rest or nitroglycerine. Symptoms should therefore be described in detail, followed by objective evaluation for obstructive disease,

…or progress to chronic limb threatening ischaemia (CLTI). Clinical presentation and symptoms Asymptomatic and atypical disease Fewer than half of patients with PAD have typical…

…likewise affected by inflammation and other systemic influences. The severity of myocardial injury is determined not only by the epicardial obstruction but also by the…

Cardiology Nephrology Definition and pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction…

Cardiology Coronary Atherosclerosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental…

…and vice versa . Stable angina pectoris is a chronic and mostly progressive disease. NSTE ACS (Non ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome) : NSTE ACS is an…

…and vice versa . Stable angina pectoris is a chronic and mostly progressive disease. NSTE ACS (Non ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome) : NSTE ACS is an…

…by heart disease, other medical conditions (pulmonary embolism, bleeding, stroke, etc.) as well as cases where the cause does not fall into the other categories…

…1. Assess airway, breathing and circulation. 2. Assess the neurological symptoms and at the same time exclude other acute causes, for example hypoglycaemia, poisoning, stroke…

…therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial…

… prevent stent thrombosis after PCI; reduce recurrent atherothrombotic events in chronic coronary disease; preserve the benefit of coronary intervention while limiting major and clinically relevant…

…coronary syndrome Reinfarction reduced by approximately 30–40%; death reduced by approximately 35–45% Peripheral artery disease Lower risk of progression to chronic limb threat

…with significant heart disease, predominantly ischemic heart disease. However, most cardiac conditions may be associated with atrial flutter. As compared with several other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias…

…3 IV Pneumonia, in chronic lung disease amoxicillin 750 mg × 3 PO 5–7 days or benzylpenicillin 3 g × 4 IV Pneumonia, suspected atypical pathogen…

…Staging of chronic kidney disease Stage eGFR Description : : : G1 ≥ 90 Normal or high G2 60–89 Mildly reduced G3a 45–59 Mildly to moderately reduced…

…Manifestations include angina, other chest discomfort, dyspnoea, or no symptoms. Although chronic coronary disease may remain stable for prolonged periods, it can progress or destabilize…

…is applicable Moderate or severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) Hypertension mediated organ damage (HMOD) Probable or definite familial hypercholesterolaemia Other markedly abnormal single risk factors…

…possible infectious or other non cardiovascular adverse outcomes. Mechanisms of action Colchicine Colchicine appears to exert several anti inflammatory effects relevant to coronary disease: Reduction…

…of shock. Patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease have a higher burden of comorbidity and an increased risk of in hospital complications, including…

…substantially with chronic kidney disease, particularly diabetic kidney disease and advanced CKD. The clinical course is often more rapidly reversible than that of other forms…

…in ischemic events or stent thrombosis. Stable coronary disease and elective PCI For chronic coronary syndromes treated with elective PCI, the standard DAPT duration is…

…heart failure or cardiogenic shock. In chronic coronary disease, the principal symptomatic indication for revascularization is angina that remains refractory despite medical therapy when significant…

…Myocarditis Chronic kidney disease Cardiomyopathy Stroke or subarachnoid haemorrhage Takotsubo syndrome Pulmonary embolism Recent coronary revascularization Infiltrative disease, such as amyloidosis or sarcoidosis Other cardiac…

…disease and amplifies cardiovascular and all cause mortality. The excess risk is mediated by the combined effects of hyperglycaemia, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking and other…

…increases cardiac output, and lowers pulmonary artery pressure without increasing myocardial oxygen consumption. The inotropic effect of levosimendan is not affected by the concurrent use…

…Common manifestations are hypertensive encephalopathy, intracerebral haemorrhage, acute coronary syndrome, acute left ventricular failure with pulmonary oedema, acute aortic syndrome, acute kidney injury, microangiopathic haemolysis…

…ankle brachial index before the first bandage is applied . Indications Venous leg ulcer — about 70% of all leg ulcers. Chronic venous oedema, lipodermatosclerosis, stasis dermatitis…

…be clinically relevant in established cardiac disease. Alcohol also increases the rise in myocardial oxygen consumption associated with exercise. Chronic myocardial injury Long term heavy…

…4%. Risk is substantially higher in older patients, emergency or urgent procedures, chronic kidney disease, ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, and cardiogenic shock. Patient related…

…lipid lowering treatment for patients with chronic coronary syndrome, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease, and other very high risk settings described in…

…restenosis refers to recurrent angina caused by disease in the treated segment. The clinical implications range from asymptomatic angiographic disease to chronic coronary syndrome (CCS)…

…Ischaemic heart disease Atrial arrhythmias Pericardial disease, including constriction Right ventricular dysfunction caused by pulmonary embolism Infiltrative cardiomyopathies, particularly cardiac amyloidosis Sepsis and other hyperdynamic…

…status or the documented ischaemic burden. In chronic coronary syndrome, revascularisation is particularly indicated when functionally significant disease produces persistent, lifestyle limiting symptoms despite guideline…

…elevated body mass index, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease. Evaluation and Physical Examination The diagnostic assessment should establish that hypertension is genuine, identify potentially remediable…

…holds true for cardiac arrests caused by chronic or acute ischemic heart disease, it is often not true in other circumstances (e.g. pulmonary embolism…

…cases, hypercalcemia is attributed to primary hyperparathyroidism or neoplastic etiologies. Other causes include immobilization, sarcoidosis, thyrotoxicosis, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, Addison's disease, renal insufficiency, therapeutic…

…However, it is often difficult to differentiate pericarditis and myocarditis, and they tend to accompany each other. Therefore, the term perimyocarditis is often used in…

…million deaths annually worldwide. The most common cause of sudden cardiac death is acute or chronic coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease). Cardiomyopathies (dilated or…

…arrest, it is essential to reconfirm the rhythm in two leads if possible to distinguish true bradyarrhythmic or asystolic arrest from other tachyarrhythmic events. On…

…diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, are important risk enhancing conditions and are more prevalent in women. Chronic kidney disease and several other…

…related arrhythmias. The clinician must evaluate for the presence of worsening renal function, advanced age, hypokalemia, chronic lung disease, hypothyroidism, and amyloidosis. Furthermore, ongoing ischemia…

…Chronic: more than 90 days. The central clinical danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause…

…Normal in newborns. Right ventricular hypertrophy. Acute cor pulmonale (pulmonary embolism). Chronic cor pulmonale (COPD, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary valve stenosis). Lateral ventricular infarction. Pre excitation…

…Normal in newborns. Right ventricular hypertrophy. Acute cor pulmonale (pulmonary embolism). Chronic cor pulmonale (COPD, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary valve stenosis). Lateral ventricular infarction. Pre excitation…

…negative if its terminal portion is below the baseline, regardless of whether its other parts are above the baseline. T wave inversions are frequently misunderstood…

…due to mechanisms other than myocardial ischaemia. Acute myocardial injury may arise from conditions such as sepsis, myocarditis, or takotsubo syndrome, while chronic myocardial injury…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Ischemic cardiomyopathy is severe myocardial dysfunction caused by coronary artery disease (CAD). The clinical syndrome may resemble…

…of ischemia (but the sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic ST T changes. They may occur in both NSTEMI and STEMI…

…channelopathies, heritable aortopathies, selected congenital heart diseases, pulmonary arterial hypertension and thromboembolic disorders. Most recognised heritable cardiovascular conditions demonstrate autosomal dominant transmission, in which an…

…is the principal therapeutic target in lipid management because LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins play a causal role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…dangerous differential diagnoses [1,2]. STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion is based…