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Dix–Hallpike test and Epley manoeuvre

…far enough forward that the head will extend beyond the end of the couch when laid down. 2. Turn the head 45° to the right…

Myocardial Ischemia & infarction: Cellular changes, ECG and symptoms

…are balanced and no ischemia occurs. (Some individuals display a benign form of ischemia located in the subendocardium during exercise; this manifests with ST segment…

Acute vertigo: quick reference for HINTS and differential diagnosis

…targeted examination. The patient's description of the quality of the dizziness — rotatory vertigo, unsteadiness or faintness — discriminates poorly between dangerous and benign causes. Ask…

Cryotherapy of skin lesions

…margin must be included in the freeze. Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is…

Approach to patients with chest pain: differential diagnoses, management & ECG

…table below shows a systematic history taking in patients presenting with chest pain (chest discomfort) or other symptoms suggestive of the five conditions listed above…

Cardiac tumors

…Thromboembolism). There are genetic syndromes that result in the emergence of multiple myxomas. Papillary fibroelastoma Papillary fibroelastoma is benign primary tumors affecting adults. These tumors…

Early repolarization on ECG: when guidelines confuse ECG criteria

…confused a completely benign condition (male/female pattern) with a condition which is associated with 5 times as great a risk of sudden cardiac death…

Fascicular block (hemiblock): Left anterior & left posterior fascicular block

…considered a benign conduction defect. Roughly 7% of cases progress to bifascicular block (which means that the LAFB is accompanied by a right bundle branch…

Interpretation of neonatal and pediatric electrocardiograms (ECG)

…mentioned below are discussed in detail in other chapters, to which links are provided throughout the text. Heart rate During the first week of life…

Sinoatrial arrest & sinoatrial pause (sinus pause / arrest)

…is benign and the most common cause of sinus arrest/pause. It commonly affects younger individuals who endure intense emotional stress, acute pain or other…

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