…Figure 1). What follows is a quick reference for their use in the emergency department, the intensive care or coronary care unit, and the operating…

…followed. Moreover, for optimal management in the context of sepsis induced cardiac arrest, consider the following recommendations: Administer 100% oxygen at the maximum flow rate …

…acidosis , that is, a pH below 7.35 and a PaCO₂ above 6.0 kPa despite optimal medical treatment with bronchodilators, steroids and controlled oxygen…

…contract simultaneously. For this to be possible, the right leg must be intact. In the case ofblockade of the right bundle of His (RBBB) , the…

…The chain of care in acute STEMI Optimal care for patients with STEMI requires a well coordinated system involving both prehospital and hospital based services…

…non invasive nature and reproducibility make it indispensable in congenital and critical care cardiology. Regular echocardiographic assessment ensures timely intervention, improving outcomes for patients w

…Optimal management of sudden cardiac arrest requires comprehensive efforts and resources, ranging from continuously training laymen in the community to establishing advanced post resuscitation care…

…These formulas for PISA performs best when the surface surrounding the orifice is flat, which is often not the case for the valves. For example…

…core formation and calcification. Neoatherosclerosis can contribute to both ISR and stent thrombosis. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is currently the most suitable imaging modality for…

Echocardiography Principles of image optimization in echocardiography In order to obtain optimal ultrasound images, it is necessary to adjust several parameters continuously during the examination…

…recording — the thresholds for which are lower than for office measurement. Classification of office blood pressure Category Systolic Diastolic : : : : : Optimal < 120 and < 80…

…sufficient blood flow to vital organs such as the brain and kidneys. Maintaining MAP within an optimal range is crucial in managing conditions like sepsis…

…is reasonable, although the optimal initial combination strategy remains uncertain. A beta blocker combined with a dihydropyridine CCB is appropriate for many patients. Long acting…

…additional non infarct related lesions. Culprit only revascularization treats the artery responsible for the acute clinical event during the index procedure. Complete revascularization aims to…

…PCI), or medical management. The standard post ACS regimen is DAPT for 12 months, generally consisting of low dose aspirin and a potent P2Y12 inhibitor…

Echocardiography Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular diastolic function Methods for evaluating left ventricular diastolic function have evolved considerably in the past two decades. Currently recommended…

…The discordance between optimal blood pressure and the definition of hypertension is explained by a cost benefit equation. The benefits of interventions for hypertension exceeds…

…Table 1). Phase Period Optimal treatment Electrical phase 0 to 4 minutes Defibrillation Circulatory phase 4 to 10 minutes Compressions and ventilation, followed by defibrillation…

…threshold of 5% or higher, determined by ROC curve analysis as the optimal balance for deciding on ICD implantation, yielded a number needed to treat…

…threshold of 5% or higher, determined by ROC curve analysis as the optimal balance for deciding on ICD implantation, yielded a number needed to treat…

…rather than a replacement for, established secondary prevention treatment. Its potential role is greatest when cardiovascular risk remains high despite optimal or maximally tolerated guideline…

…late line therapy for patients who remain profoundly symptomatic despite optimal neurohormonal blockade and adequate volume control. It is also utilized for ventricular rate control…

…ischaemia Paraplegia or paraparesis Persistent or recurrent pain Hypertension that remains uncontrolled despite optimal therapy Acute type A dissection has a particularly rapid early mortality…

…Clinical guidelines now emphasize that a BMI within the conventional "normal" range (up to 25 kg/m²) does not necessarily equate to optimal cardiovascular health…

…However, the optimal method for opening the airway remains unknown ( Guildner et al ). Jaw thrust is preferred if there is suspicion of cervical spine injury…

…pads should be positioned as standard, and defibrillation energy levels should remain consistent with those used for non pregnant adults. The fetus is not harmed…

…causes & management Definition of sinus bradycardia Sinus bradycardia fulfills the criteria for sinus rhythm but the heart rate is slower than 50 beats per minute…

…ultrasound (IVUS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Unlike coronary angiography, which produces a two dimensional luminogram and has limited specificity for plaque and vessel wall…

…Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) provide cross sectional information about plaque morphology and may clarify the mechanism of an acute coronary syndrome…

…MINOCA accounts for approximately 1–14% of ACS presentations in different series and approximately 5–10% of patients presenting with myocardial infarction in other reports…